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Pathway for biosynthesis of caffeic acid using the approaches described by Lin and Yan (140) and Huang et al. (151) (top) and Zhang and Stephanopoulos (152) (bottom). TAL, tyrosine ammonia lyase; C3H, 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; 4HPA3H, hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase.
