FIG 9.

Type 1 IFN- and IL-1-dependent induction of allogeneic CD4⁺ T cell response by primary monocytes infected with NYVAC-C-ΔB8RB19R. Primary human monocytes were infected for 18 h with NYVAC-C, NYVAC-C-ΔB19R, or NYVAC-C-ΔB8RB19R (MOI, 1) in the absence (A) or in the presence (B, C) of control, anti-IFN-α/β (B), or IL-1ra (C) antibody (10 μg/ml). Monocytes were collected, washed, and added to CD4⁺ T cells at monocyte/CD4⁺ T cell ratios ranging from 1/10 to 1/160 (A) or at a fixed 1/10 ratio (B, C). After 5 days, T cell proliferation was analyzed by measurement of the level of thymidine incorporation. Data are means ± SDs for triplicate samples from one experiment and are representative of those from two separate experiments. *, P < 0.05 for mutant versus wild-type NYVAC-C.