Table 1.
The deleterious effects of RAS cascade activation in DKD
| Prorenin |
| Glomerulosclerosis |
| Renal fibrosis |
| Renin |
| Nonenzymatic enhancement of angiotensin II synthesis |
| Mesangial hypertrophy |
| Renal fibrosis |
| Angiotensin II |
| Increased intraglomerular pressure |
| Water and solute retention |
| Mesangial cell proliferation and hypertrophy |
| Renal fibrosis |
| Glomerular and tubolointerstitial microinflammation |
| Insulin resistance |
| Decreased AT2R synthesis |
Abbreviations: AT2R, angiotensin type 2 receptor; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; DKD, diabetic kidney disease.