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. 2015 Apr 13;10:2895–2911. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S76312

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© 2015 Zhao et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Histopathological analyses of the duodena and myocardia of chickens challenged with the highly virulent NDV strain F₄₈E₉.

Notes: (A) Tissues of the duodena from chickens immunized with pFDNA-LDH@SiO₂-NPs IN. (B) Tissues of the myocardia from chickens immunized with pFDNA-LDH@SiO₂-NPs IN. (C) Tissues of the duodena from chickens immunized with pFDNA-LDH@SiO₂-NPs IM, naked plasmid pVAX1-F(o) DNA IM, or PBS IM. (D) Tissues of the myocardia from chickens in groups immunized with the pFDNA-LDH@SiO₂-NPs IM, naked plasmid pVAX1-F(o) DNA IM, or PBS IM.

Abbreviations: IM, intramuscularly; IN, intranasally; LDH, layered double hydroxide; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; NPs, nanoparticles; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; pFDNA-LDH@SiO₂-NPs, NDV F gene encapsulated in the LDH@SiO₂-NPs.