Table 3.
Protection of the immunized specific pathogen-free chickens after being challenged with the highly virulent Newcastle disease virus strain F48E9
| Treatment | Number of dead chickens/total number of chickens | Mortality (%) | Protection (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PBS IM | 5/5 | 100 | 0 |
| Blank LDH@SiO2-NPs IM | 5/5 | 100 | 0 |
| Naked plasmid pVAX1-F(o) DNA IM | 3/5 | 60 | 40 |
| pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs IM | 2/5 | 40 | 60 |
| pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs IN | 0/5 | 0 | 100 |
Abbreviations: IM, intramuscularly; IN, intranasally; LDH, layered double hydroxide; NPs, nanoparticles; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs, Newcastle disease virus F gene encapsulated in LDH@SiO2-NPs.