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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2014 Aug 27;69:95–107. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.026

Table 3.

Average effect sizes for behavior, determinants and clinical outcomes

Outcome n k Hedges’ g (95% CI) p Q p I2 Index
BEHAVIOR
Mean effect size 1st measurement 314790 21 0. 260 [0.148; 0.373] <.001 406.96 <.001 95%
Without Kärnä et al 2011a (large sample) 17058 20 0.277 [0.109; 0.445] <.01 385.97 <.001 95%
-at r=0.20 314790 21 0.240 [0.128; 0.352] <.001 399.70 <.001 95%
-at r=0.80 314790 21 0.312 [0.195; 0.428] <.001 436.69 <.001 95%
Health domain (behavior) 314790 21 3.62 0.163
Health responsibility/maintenance 2640 5 0.541 [−0.164; 1.246] .133 258.86 <.001 98%
Diet & physical activity 5578 13 0.138 [0.085; 0.191] <.001 8.84 0.717 0%
Social behavior 306573 3 0.098 [0.086; 0.109] <.001 1.16 0.559 0%
Mental health 0 0 NA NA
Mean effect size 2nd measurement
Behavior 11565 10 0.110 [−0.009; 0.228] 0.070 36.29 <.001 75%
BEHAVIORIAL DETERMINANTS
Mean effect size 1st measurement 19934 50 0. 334 [0.260; 0.407] <.001 183.24 <.001 73%
-at r=0.20 19934 50 0.300 [0.231; 0.369] <.001 159.78 <.001 69%
-at r=0.80 19934 50 0.416 [0.331; 0.501] <.001 258.11 <.001 81%
Health domain (behavioral determinants) 19854 48 2.98 0.226
Health responsibility/maintenance 7147 29 0.294 [0.211; 0.377] <.001 61.59 <.001 55%
Diet & physical activity 4184 14 0.460 [0.290; 0.630] <.001 71.64 <.001 80%
Social behavior 8305 4 0.298 [−0.097; 0.694] 0.139 11.08 <.05 73%
Mental health 80 2 0.235 [−0.110; 0.580] 0.182 0.11 0.744 0%
Mean effect size 2nd measurement
Behavioral determinants 10919 12 0.262 [0.139; 0.384] <.001 40.50 <.001 73%
CLINICAL OUTCOMES
Mean effect size 1st measurement clinical outcomes 9367 10 0. 079 [0.039; 0.120] <.001 2.18 0.988 0%
-at r=0.20 9367 10 0.063 [0.023; 0.104] <.01 1.62 0.996 0%
-at r=0.80 9367 10 0.123 [0.083; 0.164] <.001 4.14 0.902 0%
Health domain (clinical outcomes) 1161 9 0.07 0.793
Health responsibility/maintenance 689 5 0.101 [−0.049; 0.250] 0.187 0.64 0.958 0%
Diet & physical activity 249 3 0.068 [−0.124; 0.260] 0.487 1.21 0.547 0%
Social behavior 8166 1 0.077 [0.034; 0.120] <.01 NA
Mental health 40 1 0.181 [−0.236; 0.599] 0.395 NA
Mean effect size 2nd measurement
Clinical outcomes 8928 7 0.101 [0.060; 0.143] <.001 0.80 0.997 0%

n=combined sample size; k=number of studies; Hedges’ g (random effects); CI= confidence Interval; Q= homogeneity statistic (mixed effects); I2=Inconsistency, a second measure of heterogeneity; NA: not applicable