Table 4.

Average effect sizes for behavioral determinants

Mean effect size 1st measurement	19934	50	0. 334 [0.260; 0.407]	<.001	183.24	<.001	73%
Knowledge	8221	32	0.407 [0.311; 0.504]	<.001	100.77	<.001	69%
Attitudes	10023	8	0.386 [0.159; 0.614]	<.01	61.10	<.001	89%
Self-efficacy	13120	20	0.212 [0.091; 0.333]	<.01	113.91	<.001	83%
Skills	9561	7	0.352 [0.075; 0.628]	<.05	65.05	<.001	91%
Subjective norms	907	1	−0.086 [−0.220; 0.048]	0.207	NA
Perceived barriers	452	1	0.198 [0.014; 0.383]	<.05	NA
Behavioral intentions	1497	6	0.308 [0.072; 0.545]	<.05	15.60	<.01	68%

Mean effect size 2nd measurement	10919	12	0.262 [0.139; 0.384]	<.001	40.50	<.001	73%
Knowledge	2075	8	0.464 [0.289; 0.639]	<.001	20.38	<.01	66%
Attitudes	9237	3	0.070 [0.029; 0.111]	<.01	1.06	0.590	0%
Self-efficacy	10580	8	0.101 [0.044; 0.159]	<.01	8.07	0.327	13%
Skills	8206	2	0.050 [0.006; 0.093]	<.05	0.19	0.663	0%
Subjective norms	907	1	0.186 [0.052; 0.320]	<.01	NA
Perceived barriers	442	1	−0.002 [−0.188; 0.184]	0.986	NA
Behavioral intentions	1071	2	0.129 [0.006; 0.251]	<.05	0.42	0.520	0%

n=combined sample size; k=number of studies; Hedges’ g (random effects); CI= confidence Interval; Q= homogeneity statistic (mixed effects); I²=Inconsistency, a second measure of heterogeneity; NA: not applicable