. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Jan 8;35(3):700–709. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304562

Table 2. Hazard Ratios for All-cause CVD, based on Smoking Status and Cumulative Exposure.

	Unadjusted	Model 1 ^*	Model 2 ^†	Model 3 ^‡	Model 4 ^§	Model 5 ^‖
Smoking Status
Never Smokers	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)
Former Smokers	1.31 (1.10, 1.55)	1.07 (0.89, 1.29)	1.05 (0.87, 1.26)	0.98 (0.81, 1.19)	1.09 (0.91, 1.32)	0.97 (0.81, 1.18)
Current Smokers	1.43 (1.14, 1.79)	1.70 (1.32, 2.18)	1.64 (1.28, 2.11)	1.48 (1.15, 1.90)	1.65 (1.28, 2.12)	1.41 (1.09, 1.82)
p for linear trend	<0.001	<0.001	0.001	0.02	0.001	0.04
Packs Years- Former Smokers
1^st Quartile	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)
2^nd Quartile	1.37 (0.95, 1.97)	1.32 (0.90, 1.94)	1.31 (0.89, 1.93)	1.23 (0.83, 1.80)	1.29 (0.88, 1.90)	1.23 (0.83, 1.81)
3^rd Quartile	1.25 (0.86, 1.81)	0.99 (0.67, 1.47)	0.98 (0.66, 1.46)	0.86 (0.58, 1.28)	0.99 (0.67, 1.47)	0.88 (0.59, 1.31)
4^th Quartile	1.99 (1.41, 2.81)	1.29 (0.89, 1.87)	1.27 (0.87, 1.84)	1.18 (0.81, 1.72)	1.28 (0.88, 1.86)	1.19 (0.82, 1.74)
Pack-years Continuous	*1.01 (1.003, 1.01)*	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	1.00 (0.97, 1.86)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)
Packs Years- Current Smokers
1^st Quartile	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)	1 (Ref)
2^nd Quartile	1.42 (0.64, 2.89)	1.43 (0.68, 2.98)	1.39 (0.67, 2.91)	1.30 (0.62, 2.71)	1.37 (0.65, 2.86)	1.26 (0.60, 2.63)
3^rd Quartile	2.62 (1.37, 4.99)	1.87 (0.95, 3.68)	1.77 (0.89, 3.50)	1.76 (0.89, 3.48)	1.76 (0.89, 3.48)	1.63 (0.82, 3.25)
4^th Quartile	4.01 (2.16, 7.45)	2.45 (1.25, 4.78)	2.21 (1.13, 4.32)	2.41 (1.23, 4.72)	2.35 (1.20, 4.58)	2.13 (1.08, 4.18)
Pack-years Continuous	*1.02 (1.01, 1.02)*	*1.01 (1.003, 1.02)*	*1.01 (1.003, 1.02)*	*1.01 (1.002, 1.02)*	*1.01 (1.003, 1.02)*	*1.01 (1.001, 1.02)*

95% confidence intervals are in brackets: statistically significant associations are highlighted in bold text

Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race, MESA site, body mass index, heart rate, hypertension status, diabetes status, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol lowering medication use, family history of Myocardial Infarction, and education level.

^†

Model 2: Model 1+Log (hsCRP);

^‡

Model 3: Model 1+ Log (CAC+1);

^§

Model 4: Model 1+ Fibrinogen;

^‖

Model 5: Model 1+Log (hsCRP) + Log (CAC+1) +Fibrinogen

Quartiles of pack-years: Former Smokers= 1^st<3, 2^nd 3-12, 3^rd 12-28, 4^th>28 pack-years; Current Smokers= 1^st<8, 2^nd 8-20, 3^rd 20-37, 4^th>37. Continuous results are HR per unit increase in pack-year. CHD- Coronary heart disease events, CVD=Cardiovascular disease events, CAC=Coronary artery calcium (in Agatston Units), hsCRP=high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (in milligrams per liter)