Table 1.

Established and promising end points for measuring neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis trials

Promising and potential end points
Clinical end points
	Disability progression on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
	Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MFSC)
	Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) component of MSFC
	Symbol digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
	Quality of life 36-item Short Form (SF36) Healthy Survey, Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI) and NeuroQual
	Brain and spinal cord imaging parameters
	T1-hypointense lesion volume
	Time to evolution of T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions + lesions to T1-hypointense lesions
	% Brain volume change (PBVC)
	% Change in brain parenchymal fraction (BPF)
	% Change in normalized cortical volume (NCVCH)
	Change in gray matter volume
	Change in magnetization transfer ratios in normal-appearing white (NAWM) and gray matter (NAGM)
	Spinal cord atrophy
	Change in brain spectroscopy [N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and glutamate NAWM and chronic lesions)]
	Nerve fiber changes on diffusion tensor imaging (DfMRI) and diffusion functional magnetic resonance imaging
	Cortical lesions, double inversion recovery (DIR) and phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR)
Ocular end points
	Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness on optical coherence tomography
	Total macular volume (TMV)
	Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness on OCT
	Multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP)
Additional biomarker assessments
	Neurofilament biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Adapted from [1]