Table 2.
Summary of inflammatory markers found in depression, mild cognitive impairment and dementia.
| Study (year) | Patients (n) | Type of sample | Marker | Expression of inflammatory markers† | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI & dementia | |||||
| Olsson et al. (2012) | 65 controls, 170 MCI, 96 AD | CSF | Microglia markers, YKL-40 (+), CD 14 | YKL-40 differentiates between AD and controls | [81] |
| Doecke et al. (2012) | 754 controls, 207 AD | Blood | Cortisol (+), pancreatic polypeptide (+), IGF-binding protein 2 (+), microglobulin β2 (+), VCAM-1 (+), carcinoembryonic antigen (+), matrix metalloprotein 2 (+), CD40 (+), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α(+), superoxide dismutase (+), homocysteine (+), apoE (−), EGF receptor (−), hemoglobin (−), calcium (−), zinc (−), IL-17 (−), albumin (−) | Cortisol (+), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α(+), IL-17 (−) | [74] |
| Soares et al. (2012) | 58 controls, 396 MCI, 112 AD | Plasma | Eotaxin 3 (+), pancreatic polypeptide (+), N-terminal protein B-type brain natriuretic peptide (+), low CRP (−), ApoE (−), cortisol (+), IL-13 (+), apoB (+), IFN-γ levels (+) | CRP (−), IL-13 (+) | [82] |
| Hu et al. (2012) | 600 | Plasma | B-type natriuretic peptide, CRP, pancreatic polypeptide | CRP (−) | [78] |
| Schuitemaker et al. (2009) | 67 MCI, 145 AD | Serum and CSF | CRP (+), IL-6 (+), ACT | IL6 (+), CRP (+) in MCI | [16] |
| Zaciragic et al. (2007) | 15 AD, 15 control | Serum | CRP (+) | CRP (+) in AD | [83] |
| Kravitz et al. (2009) | 350 | Serum | CRP (+) | CRP (+) in dementia in women | [79] |
| Depression | |||||
| Dowlati et al. (2010) | Meta-analysis; 24 studies | Blood | TNF-α (+), IL-1β (=), IL-6 (+), IL-4 (=), IL-2 (=), IL-8 (=), IL-10 (=), IFN-γ (=) | IL-6 (+), TNF-α (+). Increased with depression. No differences in other cytokines studied | [75] |
| Howren et al. (2009) | Meta-analysis; 51 studies for CRP, 62 for IL-6, 14 for IL-1, nine for IL-1ra | Serum | IL-1 (+), IL-6 (+), CRP (+), IL-1ra (+) | IL-6 (+), IL-1 (+), CRP (+), IL-1ra. Increased with depression | [77] |
| Lindqvist et al. (2009) | 63 suicide attempters, 47 controls | CSF and plasma obtained at the same time | IL-6 (+) | IL-6 (+) in CSF was significantly higher in suicide attempters than in healthy control subjects | [80] |
| Zorrilla et al. (2001) | Meta-analysis | CD4/CD8 ratio (+), circulating haptoglobin (+), PGE(2) (+), IL-6 (+), NK-cell cytotoxicity (−), lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogen (−) | IL-6 (+) | [84] | |
| Carpenter et al. (2004) | 18 depressed, 26 controls | CSF | IL-6 (=) | CSF IL-6 levels did not differ between depressed and controls | [73] |
| Hestad et al. (2003) | 23 patients (15 undergoing ECT), 15 controls | Plasma | TNF-α (+) | TNF-α (+) in depressed patients. Patients treated with ECT showed decrease of TNF-α as depression improved | [76] |
YKL-40 is a marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
†
+: Increased inflammatory marker; −: decreased inflammatory marker; =: no change.
ACT: α-1-Antichymotrypsin; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy; IL-1ra: IL-1 receptor antagonist; MCI: Mild cognitive impairment; NK: Natural killer; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2.