Table 2.

Summary of key elements of the 13 primary health care initiatives

First author, year published, country	Intervention level	Governance	Setting(s)	Location	Delivery	Result reported	Method quality a	Health outcome b
Bailie et al. 2004 [20]	HS	Shared	PHC	Remote	Clinic	HbA1c	7/9	Unchanged
Australia
Bailie et al. 2007 [21]	CS	Shared	PHC	Remote	Clinic	HbA1c	6/9	Improved
Australia
Roubideaux et al. 2008 [23]	HS	Shared	PHC, Hospitals	Urban & rural	Clinic	HbA1c	6/9	Unchanged
US
Wilson et al. 2005 [22]	HS	Shared	PHC, Tribal Clinics, Hospitals	Remote & regional	Clinic	HbA1c	8/9	Improved
US
Kenealy et al. 2010 [26]	HS	Private & CC	GPs	Urban & rural	Clinic	HbA1c	6/9	Improved
NZ
Smith et al. 2011 [27]	HS	Govt.	GPs	Urban	Clinic	HbA1c	8/8	Unchanged
NZ
Simmons et al. 2003 [28]	CS	CC	PHC	Rural	Clinic	HbA1c	5/9	Improved
Australia
Schraer et.al. 2003 [25]	CS	Shared	Specialist referral service, PHC	Remote & regional	Out-reach	Amputation incidence	8/9	Improved
US
Ramesh et al. 2008 [24]	CS	Shared	Specialist referral service, PHC	Remote & regional	Out-reach	HbA1c	8/8	Improved
US
Virani et al. 2006 [32]	CS	CC	Mobile van	Remote & rural	Out-reach	HbA1c	4/9	Unchanged
Canada
McDermott et al. 2001 [29]	CS	Govt.	PHC’s	Remote	Clinic	HbA1C	5/9	Unchanged
Australia						% hospitalised		Improved
						% hosp. episodes		Improved
Tobe et al. 2006 [30]	SP	CC	Community	Remote	Home visits	HbA1c	7/9	Unchanged
Canada
Ralph-Campbell et al. 2006 [31]	SP	Govt.	PHCs	Regional centres in rural areas	Out-reach	HbA1c	6/9	Unchanged
Canada

^aNumber of quality criteria met compared to total number of criteria.

^bOutcome is reported as unchanged if the p value is insignificant, see results Table 3.

HS – health system; CS – clinical system; SP – service program; Shared – both government and community control; CC – community control; Govt. – government; PHC – primary health care service.