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. 2015 Apr 21;3:55. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00055

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Copyright © 2015 Eremeeva and Dasch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Life cycle of Ixodid ticks and natural transmission of rickettsiae. Blue arrows indicate main steps of tick natural cycle: (1) oviposition by engorged female; (2) eggs hatched into larvae; (3) larvae feed on small animals; (4) engorged larvae hatch into nymphs; (5) nymphs feed on large or small animals; and (6) nymphs molt into adult ticks that feed on large animals or bite humans. Broken red arrows indicate transovarial (7) and transstadial transmission (8) of rickettsiae, and solid red arrows indicate transmission of rickettsiae to humans through a bite of a nymph (9) or an adult tick (10).