Table 1.

Family and/or clinician educational support

Citation	Anderson et al35	Byerly et al36	Farooq et al37	Gray et al38	Kopelowicz et al39	Mittal et al40	Sajatovic et al41
Design type	RCT	Quasi-experimental	RCT	RCT	3-armed RCT	RCT	Prospective, noncontrolled trial
Intervention description	AT – weekly sessions for 8 weeks, 20–60 minutes Focus: problem solving, medication timeline, ambivalence, medication beliefs/concerns, using medications in the future	Compliance therapy 4–6 sessions, 30–60 minutes each Focus: illness history, medication beliefs/understanding, treatment ambivalence, stigma	STOPS – family member as key care supervisor One session to train key care supervisor Free medications for all participants in STOPS group and for those in the TAU group who could not afford medications	AT – weekly sessions for 8 weeks Focus: problem solving, medication timeline, ambivalence, medication beliefs/concerns, using medications in the future Health education – weekly sessions for 8 weeks	Culturally adapted multifamily group Tailored to Spanish-speaking Mexican-Americans (MFG-Ad) compared to MFG-S and TAU 3 individual and family sessions One-day family workshop MFG-Ad: 24 family group sessions, focus: attitudes, beliefs, planned behaviors MFG-S: no focus on attitudes, beliefs, planned behaviors	AAI – 9 sessions: Face to face daily ×3 Face to face weekly ×3 Telephone monthly ×3 Education, skills training, alliance building Focus on medication management, communication, building relationships with health care providers	CAE, a psychosocial/psychoeducational program about medication use plus haloperidol decanoate-LAI = CAE-L administered over 6 months
Data collection time points	Baseline Postintervention	Monthly – 3 months preintervention to 6 months postintervention	Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months	Baseline and 52 weeks	Baseline, 4 months, 8 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months	Baseline, 4 weeks, and 4 months	Treatment = baseline, 13, and 25 weeks follow-up; Posttreatment follow-up =9 and 12 months
Sample	AT =12 TAU =14	n=30 No control group	STOPS =55 TAU =55	AT =204 HE =205	MFG-Ad =64 MFG =53 TAU =57	AAI =22 TAU =18	n=30
Measures	ATSAT LUNSERS PANSS PETiT	MEMS PANSS DAI	PANSS GAF Adherence to Medication Scale	MOS SF-36 SAI-E MAQ BPRS-E	Treatment Compliance Interview	Self/caregiver adherence report Pharmacy refill records PANSS QWBS CDS BAS AIMS DAI ITAS 14-Q	Primary = medication adherence and housing status via self-reports: TRQ MRS ATMSQ DAI Psychiatric symptoms: BPRS, PANSS, CGI Functioning: SOFAS
Findings	No significant improvements in medication adherence or psychiatric symptoms	Adherence significantly increased 1 month after intervention, declined by 1.4% per month for remaining months No change in symptoms, insight, attitudes to taking medications	STOPS: significant reduction in PANSS scores, positive/general symptoms, significant improvement in GAF Significantly higher adherence in the STOPS group compared to TAU at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months (67% vs 45% at 1 year follow-up, P<0.02)	No significant difference in medication adherence and quality of life between AT and HE groups	MFG-Ad had increased adherence compared to MFG-S and TAU Longer time to first hospitalization Less likely to be hospitalized	65% of AAI group adherent after 4 months 55.6% TAU group adherent No significant difference	CAE-L associated with good adherence to LAI at 6 months =76%, Overall oral medication adherence: 46% missed prior to study versus 10% at 6 months (P=0.03) Only 4 continued to take LAI 6 months poststudy Significant improvements in psychiatric symptoms (P<0.001) and functioning (P<0.001)

Abbreviations: 14-Q, 14-Point Questionnaire; AAI, antipsychotic adherence intervention; AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; AT, adherence therapy; ATMSQ, Attitude Towards Mood Stabilizer Questionnaire; ATSAT, Adherence Therapy Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire; BAS, Barnes Akathisia Scale; BPRS-E, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded; CAE, customized adherence enhancement program; CAE-L, customized adherence enhancement plus long-acting injectable antipsychotic; CDS, Calgary Depression Scale; CGI, Clinical Global Impressions Scale; DAI, Drug Attitude Inventory; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning; HE, health education; ITAS, Insight and Treatment Attitude Scale; L or LAI, long-acting injection; LUNSERS, Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale; MAQ, Medication Adherence Questionnaire; MEMS, Medication Event Monitoring Scale; MFG, multifamily group; MFG-Ad, Multifamily Group-Adherence; MFG-S, Multifamily Group – Standard; MOS SF-36, Medical Outcomes Survey 36-item short form questionnaire; MRS, Morisky Rating Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PETiT, Personal Evaluation of Transitions in Treatment; QWBS, Quality of Well-Being Scale; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SAI-E, Schedule for the Assessment of Insight – Expanded Version; SOFAS, Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale; STOPS, supervised treatment in outpatients for schizophrenia; TAU, treatment as usual; TRQ, Tablet Routine Questionnaire.