Table 1.

Beneficiary Characteristics, by Coverage Group and Race

	White		Black		Hispanic

	LIS (n=123,033)	Non-LIS (n=293,462)	LIS (n=50,440)	Non-LIS (n=19,507)	LIS (n=57,283)	Non-LIS (n=14,031)

Demographics
Age in years (mean)	75.0^*	75.8	74.6^*	73.9	74.5^*	74.2
Male (%)	28.8^*	42.4	22.9^*	38.0	34.2^*	44.4
Socioeconomic Status^a
Median income ($)	48,697^*	57,926	40,984^*	46,660	45,561^*	48,256
Years of education	13.3^*	13.7	12.9^*	13.2	12.5^*	13.2
Rx Utilization Measures (mean)^b
Pre-gap MPR	0.80^*	0.80	0.76^*	0.75	0.74^*	0.73
Post-gap MPR	0.78^*	0.73	0.74^*	0.67	0.72^*	0.63
Pre-gap GDR	0.49^*	0.48	0.50^*	0.48	0.43	0.43
Post-gap GDR	0.54^*	0.55	0.56^*	0.57	0.48^*	0.52
Median month of coverage gap entry	7.10^*	8.70	7.80^*	9.00	7.60^*	8.90

Parts A and B utilization (mean) 2005^c
	White		Black		Hispanic

	LIS (n=109,143)	Non-LIS (n=268,680)	LIS (n=43,930)	Non-LIS (n=17,151)	LIS (n=44,455)	Non-LIS (n=12,492)

No. of office visits	9.0^*	9.0	7.5^*	7.7	9.2^*	9.4
No. of emergency department visits	7.7^*	6.3	8.7^*	6.3	7.5^*	4.6
No. of inpatient stays	0.5^*	0.3	0.5^*	0.3	0.4^*	0.3
No. of inpatient days	2.6^*	1.7	2.8^*	2.0	2.2^*	1.5
Parts A and B spending (mean $) 2005^c
Total	9,698^*	7,869	10,260^*	8,160	10,581^*	6,917
Inpatient	4,251^*	3,152	4,265^*	3,200	3,909^*	2,438
Outpatient	1,455^*	1,196	2,227^*	1,724	1,839^*	1,033
Other	3,992^*	3,521	3,768^*	3,236	4,833^*	3,446

Notes:

Sample is individuals with diabetes and ages 65 and older. Demographics, socioeconomic status, medication possession ration and generic dispensing ratio are measured in year 2007. Spending and utilization measured in 2005 to demonstrate pre-Part D differences across groups.

Indicates low-income subsidy (LIS) and non-low-income subsidy (non-LIS) values are significantly different at 1%

Socioeconomic status is measured at zip code level.

Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) and Generic Dispensing Ratio (GDR) are measured before spending reaches the coverage gap level (“pre”) and after spending reaches coverage gap levels (“post”) in 2007.

Utilization and spending for beneficiaries covered by fee-for-service Medicare Part A & B for all 12 months of 2005.