Table 1. Main cutoff of noninvasive methods of congestion monitoring according to heart failure clinical profile.
| Parameters | Wet profile | Dry profile |
|---|---|---|
| IVC collapse index | <50 % → RAPs >10 mmHg [54] | ≥50 % → RAPs ≤10 mmHg |
| <45 % → RAPs >8 mmHg [55] | >45 % → RAPs ≤8 mmHg | |
| <40 % → RAPs >10 mmHg [56] | >40 % → RAPs ≤10 mmHg | |
| IVC max expiratory diameter | ≥2 cm | <2 cm |
| ≤1.2 cm are indicative of normal RAPs (≤10 mmHg) at 100 % [57] | ||
| Echocardiographic PCWP | >12 [58] | ≤12 |
| E/e1 (a) | ≥15 (Sep.); ≥ 12 (Lat); ≥ 13 (Av.) [59] | <15 (Sep.); <12 (Lat.); <13 (Av.) |
| ≥11 [60] | <11 | |
| ≤8 (sep, lat, or Av.) indicates very low LV filling pressure | ||
| Lung ultrasound | Multiple bilateral B lines assessed on the anterior and lateral chest: two or more positive regions bilaterally (a positive region is defined by the presence of ≥3 ultrasound B lines in a longitudinal plane between two ribs) [61] | ≤2 ultrasound B lines in any chest region |
Sep septal, Lat lateral, Av average, RAP right arterial pressure
a
E/e1 ratio ranging from 9 to 14 is a gray zone considered suggestive but non-diagnostic of diastolic LV dysfunction and needs to be implemented with other noninvasive investigations to confirm the diagnosis of HF