Skip to main content
. 2015 Apr 21;10(4):e0126104. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126104

Table 3. Hazard ratios (95% CI) of incident cardiovascular disease by categories of carbohydrates and food groups, Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, 1991–2009.

Categories of intake
1 2 3 4 5 Ptrend
Carbohydrates
  Cases/follow-up 602/72032 546/72974 580/73008 590/73301 603/73619
 Mean intakes (E%) 37 42 45 48 53
 Basic model a 1.00 0.89 0.79, 1.00 0.91 0.81, 1.02 0.91 0.81, 1.02 0.92 0.82, 1.03 0.27
 Extended multivariable model b 1.00 0.94 0.84, 1.06 0.98 0.87, 1.10 1.01 0.89, 1.14 1.00 0.88, 1.13 0.65
 Excluding diet changers c 1.00 0.94 0.83, 1.07 0.97 0.85, 1.11 0.98 0.85, 1.12 0.96 0.83, 1.11 0.80
Sucrose
 Cases/follow-up 631/72294 528/73978 574/73457 545/73527 643/71677
 Mean intakes (E%) 4 7 8 10 14
  Basic model 1.00 0.86 0.76, 0.96 0.95 0.85, 1.06 0.90 0.80, 1.01 1.11 0.99, 1.24 0.05
  Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.92 0.81, 1.03 1.02 0.91, 1.14 0.94 0.84, 1.06 1.08 0.96, 1.21 0.18
 Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.92 0.80, 1.05 1.03 0.90, 1.17 0.93 0.81, 1.07 1.07 0.94, 1.22 0.33
Fiber
 Cases/follow-up 707/69571 603/71873 564/73191 526/74341 521/75958
  Mean intakes (g/1000 kcal) 6 8 9 10 13
  Basic model 1.00 0.83 0.74, 0.92 0.77 0.69, 0.87 0.70 0.62, 0.78 0.70 0.62, 0.79 1 x 10 –11
 Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.91 0.81, 1.01 0.90 0.80, 1.01 0.84 0.75, 0.94 0.88 0.78, 0.99 0.01
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.91 0.80, 1.02 0.88 0.78, 1.00 0.82 0.72, 0.93 0.81 0.70, 0.94 0.001
Vegetables
 Cases/follow-up 735/69394 649/72127 562/73192 519/74340 456/75881
  Mean intakes (g/day) 72 123 164 213 332
  Basic model 1.00 0.92 0.83, 1.03 0.85 0.76, 0.95 0.84 0.75, 0.94 0.80 0.71, 0.90 2 x 10 –5
 Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.97 0.87, 1.08 0.93 0.83, 1.04 0.95 0.85, 1.07 0.94 0.83, 1.06 0.24
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.98 0.87, 1.11 0.89 0.79, 1.01 0.94 0.82, 1.07 0.95 0.82, 1.09 0.25
Fruits and berries
  Cases/follow-up 656/70657 623/71997 614/72705 519/74752 509/74822
  Mean intakes (g/day) 53 120 173 242 387
  Basic model 1.00 0.94 0.84, 1.05 0.92 0.82, 1.03 0.79 0.71, 0.89 0.83 0.73, 0.93 6 x 10 –5
  Extended multivariable model 1.00 1.02 0.91, 1.14 1.05 0.94, 1.18 0.93 0.82, 1.05 0.99 0.87, 1.12 0.40
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 1.06 0.94, 1.20 1.03 0.91, 1.17 0.93 0.81, 1.06 0.99 0.86, 1.15 0.38
Juice
  Cases/follow-up 1449/157978 523/69283 467/69356 482/68316
 Mean intakes (g/day) 0 11 87 235
  Basic model 1.00 0.89 0.81, 0.99 0.87 0.79, 0.97 0.93 0.84, 1.03 0.03
  Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.98 0.88, 1.08 0.97 0.87, 1.08 0.99 0.89, 1.10 0.66
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 1.01 0.90, 1.13 0.98 0.86, 1.10 0.99 0.88, 1.12 0.79
Potatoes
  Cases/follow-up 490/74186 544/73688 562/73110 620/72439 705/71511
 Mean intakes (g/day) 45 86 115 147 212
  Basic model 1.00 1.00 0.89, 1.13 0.97 0.86, 1.10 1.03 0.92, 1.17 1.14 1.01, 1.28 0.02
 Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.99 0.88, 1.12 0.96 0.85, 1.09 0.97 0.86, 1.10 1.04 0.92, 1.17 0.60
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.98 0.85, 1.13 0.98 0.85, 1.13 1.00 0.87, 1.14 1.07 0.94, 1.23 0.25
Whole grains
 Cases/follow-up 710/69847 551/72618 559/72959 514/74325 587/75184
  Mean intakes (portions/day) 0.0 0.3 0.7 1.2 2.5
  Basic model 1.00 0.82 0.74, 0.92 0.83 0.74, 0.92 0.70 0.63, 0.79 0.75 0.67, 0.83 5 x 10 –9
 Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.89 0.80, 1.00 0.92 0.82, 1.02 0.80 0.72, 0.90 0.87 0.77, 0.97 0.002
 Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.88 0.78, 1.00 0.89 0.79, 1.01 0.77 0.67, 0.87 0.81 0.71, 0.92 0.0001
Refined grains
  Cases/follow-up 564/73958 577/73228 598/72561 587/72359 595/72827
  Mean intakes (portions/day) 1.2 2.0 2.5 3.1 4.3
  Basic model 1.00 1.02 0.91, 1.14 1.04 0.93, 1.17 1.02 0.91, 1.15 1.02 0.91, 1.15 0.73
 Extended multivariable model 1.00 1.03 0.92, 1.16 1.05 0.94, 1.18 1.05 0.94, 1.18 1.06 0.95, 1.20 0.28
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 1.04 0.91, 1.19 1.07 0.93, 1.22 1.09 0.95, 1.25 1.09 0.95, 1.25 0.15
Cookies and cakes
 Cases/follow-up 610/71589 534/73455 568/73779 599/73431 610/72680
 Mean intakes (g/day) 6 20 33 49 79
  Basic model 1.00 0.85 0.76, 0.96 0.87 0.77, 0.97 0.84 0.75, 0.94 0.81 0.72, 0.91 0.001
  Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.91 0.81, 1.03 0.96 0.85, 1.07 0.93 0.83, 1.05 0.90 0.80, 1.01 0.15
 Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.90 0.79, 1.03 0.91 0.80, 1.04 0.89 0.78, 1.02 0.87 0.76, 1.00 0.07
Sugar and sweets
 Cases/follow-up 565/73201 579/73289 590/73494 583/72824 604/72125
  Mean intakes (g/day) 12 27 39 51 76
 Basic model 1.00 1.01 0.90, 1.13 1.00 0.89, 1.12 0.97 0.86, 1.09 1.10 0.98, 1.24 0.25
 Extended multivariable model 1.00 1.03 0.91, 1.16 1.04 0.92, 1.16 0.98 0.87, 1.10 1.08 0.96, 1.21 0.46
 Excluding diet changers 1.00 1.01 0.88, 1.16 1.07 0.94, 1.22 1.00 0.87, 1.15 1.09 0.95, 1.25 0.31
Sugar-sweetened beverages
 Cases/follow-up 1342/164894 490/67500 532/67072 557/65467
 Mean intakes (g/day) 0 26 89 309
 Basic model 1.00 0.89 0.80, 0.99 1.05 0.95, 1.16 1.04 0.94, 1.15 0.27
  Extended multivariable model 1.00 0.93 0.84, 1.03 1.06 0.95, 1.17 1.00 0.90, 1.10 0.69
  Excluding diet changers 1.00 0.95 0.85, 1.07 1.05 0.93, 1.17 0.99 0.88, 1.11 0.83

aBasic model adjusted for age, sex, season, diet method version and energy intake.

bExtended multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, season, diet method version, energy intake, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, and education.

cExtended multivariable adjustments were used in the model excluding diet changers.