Table 3. Hazard ratios (95% CI) of incident cardiovascular disease by categories of carbohydrates and food groups, Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, 1991–2009.
| Categories of intake | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Ptrend | |||||
| Carbohydrates | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 602/72032 | 546/72974 | 580/73008 | 590/73301 | 603/73619 | |||||
| Mean intakes (E%) | 37 | 42 | 45 | 48 | 53 | |||||
| Basic model a | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.79, 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.81, 1.02 | 0.91 | 0.81, 1.02 | 0.92 | 0.82, 1.03 | 0.27 |
| Extended multivariable model b | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.84, 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.87, 1.10 | 1.01 | 0.89, 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.88, 1.13 | 0.65 |
| Excluding diet changers c | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.83, 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.85, 1.11 | 0.98 | 0.85, 1.12 | 0.96 | 0.83, 1.11 | 0.80 |
| Sucrose | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 631/72294 | 528/73978 | 574/73457 | 545/73527 | 643/71677 | |||||
| Mean intakes (E%) | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 14 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.86 | 0.76, 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.85, 1.06 | 0.90 | 0.80, 1.01 | 1.11 | 0.99, 1.24 | 0.05 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.81, 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.14 | 0.94 | 0.84, 1.06 | 1.08 | 0.96, 1.21 | 0.18 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.80, 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.90, 1.17 | 0.93 | 0.81, 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.94, 1.22 | 0.33 |
| Fiber | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 707/69571 | 603/71873 | 564/73191 | 526/74341 | 521/75958 | |||||
| Mean intakes (g/1000 kcal) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 13 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.74, 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.69, 0.87 | 0.70 | 0.62, 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.62, 0.79 | 1 x 10 –11 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.81, 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.80, 1.01 | 0.84 | 0.75, 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.78, 0.99 | 0.01 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.80, 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.78, 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.72, 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.70, 0.94 | 0.001 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 735/69394 | 649/72127 | 562/73192 | 519/74340 | 456/75881 | |||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 72 | 123 | 164 | 213 | 332 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.83, 1.03 | 0.85 | 0.76, 0.95 | 0.84 | 0.75, 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.71, 0.90 | 2 x 10 –5 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.87, 1.08 | 0.93 | 0.83, 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.85, 1.07 | 0.94 | 0.83, 1.06 | 0.24 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.87, 1.11 | 0.89 | 0.79, 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.82, 1.07 | 0.95 | 0.82, 1.09 | 0.25 |
| Fruits and berries | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 656/70657 | 623/71997 | 614/72705 | 519/74752 | 509/74822 | |||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 53 | 120 | 173 | 242 | 387 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.84, 1.05 | 0.92 | 0.82, 1.03 | 0.79 | 0.71, 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.73, 0.93 | 6 x 10 –5 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.14 | 1.05 | 0.94, 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.82, 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.87, 1.12 | 0.40 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.94, 1.20 | 1.03 | 0.91, 1.17 | 0.93 | 0.81, 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.86, 1.15 | 0.38 |
| Juice | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 1449/157978 | 523/69283 | 467/69356 | 482/68316 | ||||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 0 | 11 | 87 | 235 | ||||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.81, 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.79, 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.84, 1.03 | 0.03 | ||
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.88, 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.87, 1.08 | 0.99 | 0.89, 1.10 | 0.66 | ||
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.90, 1.13 | 0.98 | 0.86, 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.88, 1.12 | 0.79 | ||
| Potatoes | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 490/74186 | 544/73688 | 562/73110 | 620/72439 | 705/71511 | |||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 45 | 86 | 115 | 147 | 212 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.89, 1.13 | 0.97 | 0.86, 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.92, 1.17 | 1.14 | 1.01, 1.28 | 0.02 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.88, 1.12 | 0.96 | 0.85, 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.86, 1.10 | 1.04 | 0.92, 1.17 | 0.60 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.85, 1.13 | 0.98 | 0.85, 1.13 | 1.00 | 0.87, 1.14 | 1.07 | 0.94, 1.23 | 0.25 |
| Whole grains | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 710/69847 | 551/72618 | 559/72959 | 514/74325 | 587/75184 | |||||
| Mean intakes (portions/day) | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.5 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.74, 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.74, 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.63, 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.67, 0.83 | 5 x 10 –9 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.80, 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.82, 1.02 | 0.80 | 0.72, 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.77, 0.97 | 0.002 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.78, 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.79, 1.01 | 0.77 | 0.67, 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.71, 0.92 | 0.0001 |
| Refined grains | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 564/73958 | 577/73228 | 598/72561 | 587/72359 | 595/72827 | |||||
| Mean intakes (portions/day) | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 4.3 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.93, 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.91, 1.15 | 0.73 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.92, 1.16 | 1.05 | 0.94, 1.18 | 1.05 | 0.94, 1.18 | 1.06 | 0.95, 1.20 | 0.28 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 1.04 | 0.91, 1.19 | 1.07 | 0.93, 1.22 | 1.09 | 0.95, 1.25 | 1.09 | 0.95, 1.25 | 0.15 |
| Cookies and cakes | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 610/71589 | 534/73455 | 568/73779 | 599/73431 | 610/72680 | |||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 6 | 20 | 33 | 49 | 79 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.76, 0.96 | 0.87 | 0.77, 0.97 | 0.84 | 0.75, 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.72, 0.91 | 0.001 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.81, 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.85, 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.83, 1.05 | 0.90 | 0.80, 1.01 | 0.15 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.79, 1.03 | 0.91 | 0.80, 1.04 | 0.89 | 0.78, 1.02 | 0.87 | 0.76, 1.00 | 0.07 |
| Sugar and sweets | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 565/73201 | 579/73289 | 590/73494 | 583/72824 | 604/72125 | |||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 12 | 27 | 39 | 51 | 76 | |||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.90, 1.13 | 1.00 | 0.89, 1.12 | 0.97 | 0.86, 1.09 | 1.10 | 0.98, 1.24 | 0.25 |
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.91, 1.16 | 1.04 | 0.92, 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.87, 1.10 | 1.08 | 0.96, 1.21 | 0.46 |
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.88, 1.16 | 1.07 | 0.94, 1.22 | 1.00 | 0.87, 1.15 | 1.09 | 0.95, 1.25 | 0.31 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||||||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 1342/164894 | 490/67500 | 532/67072 | 557/65467 | ||||||
| Mean intakes (g/day) | 0 | 26 | 89 | 309 | ||||||
| Basic model | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.80, 0.99 | 1.05 | 0.95, 1.16 | 1.04 | 0.94, 1.15 | 0.27 | ||
| Extended multivariable model | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.84, 1.03 | 1.06 | 0.95, 1.17 | 1.00 | 0.90, 1.10 | 0.69 | ||
| Excluding diet changers | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.85, 1.07 | 1.05 | 0.93, 1.17 | 0.99 | 0.88, 1.11 | 0.83 | ||
aBasic model adjusted for age, sex, season, diet method version and energy intake.
bExtended multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, season, diet method version, energy intake, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, and education.
cExtended multivariable adjustments were used in the model excluding diet changers.