Table 5.
Global Model Fit Indices of Measurement Invariance Tests
| Invariance model | χ2 | df | χ2 difference test
|
RMSEA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison | χ2(df) | p | ||||
| (A) Invariance across time (Years 9 and 10) | ||||||
| Configural | 3,531.0 | 1868 | .041 | |||
| Metric | 3,580.5 | 1917 | Configural | 53.5 (49) | .305 | .040 |
| Scalar | 3,661.9 | 1945 | Metric | 85.4 (28) | <.001 | .041 |
| Partial Scalar | 3,634.8 | 1942 | Metric | 55.4 (25) | <.001 | .040 |
| Strict | 3,696.5 | 1980 | Scalar | 50.7 (35) | .042 | .040 |
|
| ||||||
| (B) Invariance across students’ gender | ||||||
| Year 9 | ||||||
| Configural | 1,758.6 | 880 | .064 | |||
| Metric | 1,808.2 | 929 | Configural | 54.9 (49) | .261 | .062 |
| Scalar | 1,848.7 | 957 | Metric | 38.7 (28) | .086 | .062 |
| Strict | 1,853.3 | 992 | Scalar | 38.0 (35) | .333 | .059 |
| Year 10 | ||||||
| Configural | 1,573.1 | 880 | .056 | |||
| Metric | 1,624.7 | 929 | Configural | 56.5 (49) | .215 | .054 |
| Scalar | 1,674.7 | 957 | Metric | 50.0 (28) | .006 | .054 |
| Strict | 1,722.5 | 992 | Scalar | 54.8 (35) | .018 | .054 |
|
| ||||||
| (C) Invariance across students’ ethnicity | ||||||
| Year 9 | ||||||
| Configural | 2,558.5 | 1320 | .077 | |||
| Metric | 2,643.6 | 1418 | Configural | 106.0 (98) | .274 | .074 |
| Scalar | 2,783.4 | 1474 | Metric | 143.4 (56) | <.001 | .072 |
| Strict | 2,816.2 | 1544 | Scalar | 85.0 (70) | .107 | .072 |
| Year 10 | ||||||
| Configural | 2,276.3 | 1320 | .067 | |||
| Metric | 2,352.9 | 1418 | Configural | 93.5 (98) | .611 | .064 |
| Scalar | 2,454.0 | 1474 | Metric | 101.3 (56) | <.001 | .064 |
| Strict | 2,491.1 | 1544 | Scalar | 80.6 (70) | .182 | .061 |
Note. RMSEA = root-mean-square error of approximation.