Table 1.

Genes altered in ≥5% of human GBMs. All data were collected by the TCGA and analyzed using the cBio Portal for Cancer Genomics. Our dataset consisted of 598 individual GBM samples, and we analyzed 90 genes. For each gene altered in more than 5% of GBMs, we determined in how many tumor samples the gene was mutated and mRNA expression was upregulated or downregulated. mRNA upregulation and downregulation is considered to be >2 standard deviations from the mean expression.

GENES	PERCENT ALTERED IN GBMS (598)	NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH MUTATED GENE	NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH mRNA UPREGULATION (>2 STD. DEV)	NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH mRNA DOWNREGULATION (<2 STD. DEV)
BMP Ligands
BMP7	5.2	0	15	16
BMP8B	10.2	0	9	52
Receptors
BMPR1A	5.7	0	1	33
TGFBR1	7. 7	2	6	38
TGFBR2	5	2	15	11
ACVR1	6	0	26	10
ACVR1B	8	0	7	41
ACVRL1	7.5	1	13	31
ACVR2B	6	0	29	6
ACVR2A	5	0	26	2
AMHR2	7	1	11	31
Co-receptor
BMPER	5.5	1	32	0
Intracellular
Mediators
SMAD1	6.5	0	17	22
SMAD2	7.2	0	22	21
SMAD3	6.2	0	13	24
SMAD4	7.7	1	22	23
SMAD6	6.2	0	12	25
SMAD9	7.2	0	12	31
SMURF2	6	0	15	21
IDs
ID2	6.2	0	20	17
ID3	5.2	0	3	28
Modulators
CHRD	8.9	1	7	46
AMN	8.7	0	9	43
ENG	6.7	1	14	25
FSTL1	6	1	11	24
SOST	6	0	19	17
TWSG1	5.7	0	10	24
GREM2	5	0	16	14
TGFβ Ligands
TGFβ1	5	0	14	16
TGFβ2	5	0	12	18
TGFβ3	6.4	0	14	24
Activins
NODAL	10.7	0	62	2
AMH	8.4	0	8	42
GDNF	7.2	2	12	29
LEFTY2	5.9	2	16	17
INHBC	5.4	0	16	16
INHBE	5.7	1	26	7
Misc.
NRTN	9.2	0	11	44
BMP1	7	0	15	27
ARTN	6.4	0	12	26
PSPN	6.2	0	19	18