Figure 2.

Developmental and adult bauplan of the vertebrate brain.

Upper panel: simplified developmental scheme of vertebrate brain regions. Combinatorial expression of transcription factors such as Tbr1, Dlx5, and Gbx2 defines brain regions during development and sets the stage for further differentiation in adults. Note that Tbr1 and Dlx5 delineate further regions not shown here. Lower panel: schematic illustration of the adult turtle brain showing major subdivisions present in all vertebrates. Lateral and medial pallium express different sets of molecular markers during development. Which regions of the adult brain correspond to lateral and medial pallium is an active topic of research and thus we combine both pallial subdivisions into a single region. Adapted from Puelles et al. (2013) and Swanson (2011) by permission of Oxford University Press, USA.