Fig. 3.

Common antibiotics used in aquaculture and agriculture and included in the 2011 WHO antimicrobials list. Diagram is displayed as number of antibiotics followed by antibiotic class. Aquaculture antibiotics include the ones reported to be used by top 15 aquaculture-producing countries. Agricultural antibiotics include the ones used in cattle, swine, and poultry farming. WHO antibiotics are the ones on the antimicrobial list in all three labels: “critically important,” “highly important,” and “important” (16,39,44,46–48). Aquaculture: qui—sarafloxacin; other—miloxacin. WHO: excludes antibiotics used solely for veterinary use. See reference (44) for full list. Agriculture: ami—apramycin*, neomycin; ceph—cefquinome*, ceftiofur*; ion—monensin; qui—marbofloxacin*; other—virginiamycin*, narasin. Agriculture and Aquaculture: other—tiamulin, ormetoprim. Agriculture and WHO: mac—kanamycin, oleandomycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin; pen—cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin; lin—lincomycin; sul—sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole; other—tylosin. Aquaculture and WHO: qui—norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, flumequine; sul—sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole; other—chloramphenicol, colistin, florfenicol, furazolidone, thiamphenicol. Aquaculture, Agriculture, and WHO: ami—gentamicin; mac—spiramycin, erythromycin; pen—amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G; qui—enrofloxacin; sul—sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, sulfapyridine; tet—chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline; other—trimethoprim. *These agriculture antibiotics are included in the WHO list but are reserved for veterinary use only