Table 2.
Childhood malnutrition status by potential risk factors related to care during pregnancy and childbirth (children aged 6 to 47 months from mother’s last pregnancy, with a MUAC score).
| Characteristic | Bauchi | Cross River | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % malnourished | OR (95%CIca) | % malnourished | OR (95%CIca) | |
| Care during last pregnancy | ||||
| Reducing heavy work by 3rd trimester | 1.24 (0.89-1.73) | 1.53 (1.06-2.22) | ||
| Yes | 12.5 (44/352) | 3.3 (38/1165) | ||
| No | 15.0 (352/2340) | 4.9 (118/2403) | ||
| Number of government ANC visits | 1.50 (1.18-1.90) | 2.05 (1.52-2.76) | ||
| 4 or more | 12.2 (161/1321) | 3.1 (63/2052) | ||
| Less than 4 | 17.2 (237/1379) | 6.1 (95/1558) | ||
| Abuse during pregnancya | 0.90 (0.61-1.34) | 1.42 (0.97-2.07) | ||
| No | 14.8 (316/2135) | 3.8 (92/2416) | ||
| Yes | 13.6 (32/236) | 5.3 (43/810) | ||
| Skilled health worker at delivery | 1.77 (1.28-2.46) | 1.55 (1.02-2.36) | ||
| Yes | 9.7 (53/546) | 3.6 (74/2076) | ||
| No | 16.0 (342/2139) | 5.4 (83/1529) | ||
| PNC visit within 6 weeks of delivery | 1.40 (1.03-1.89) | 1.28 (0.82-2.00) | ||
| Yes | 11.8 (66/560) | 3.6 (30/838) | ||
| No | 15.7 (318/2024) | 4.5 (113/2490) | ||
| Maternal information | ||||
| Mother’s marital status | 0.72 (0.25-2.09) | 1.30 (0.76-2.22) | ||
| Married/co-habitating | 14.8 (394/2665) | 4.3 (138/3245) | ||
| Single/widowed/divorced/separated | 11.1 (4/36) | 5.5 (21/385) | ||
| Mother’s education | 1.66 (1.11-2.48) | 2.03 (1.47-2.81) | ||
| Some formal educ/junior or higher | 10.3 (62/603) | 3.2 (74/2289) | ||
| No formal educ/less than junior | 16.0 (336/2103) | 6.4 (85/1338) | ||
| Mother has own income | 1.24 (1.00-1.53) | 1.17 (0.86-1.59) | ||
| Yes | 13.8 (243/1764) | 4.1 (86/2092) | ||
| No | 16.5 (155/939) | 4.8 (74/1547) | ||
| Mother’s food security in last week | 1.21 (0.87-1.69) | 1.19 (0.82-1.72) | ||
| Had food security | 14.4 (354/2452) | 4.3 (126/2961) | ||
| No food security | 17.0 (43/253) | 5.0 (34/679) | ||
| Number of children | 0.92 (0.73-1.17) | 1.65 (1.17-2.32) | ||
| 0-2 children | 15.3 (160/1045) | 3.4 (62/1839) | ||
| 3 or more children | 14.3 (237/1656) | 5.4 (98/1801) | ||
| Speak to husband about pregnancy and childbirth | 1.41 (1.15-1.74) | 1.50 (1.05-2.14) | ||
| Yes | 12.9 (201/1556) | 3.8 (90/2377) | ||
| No | 17.3 (194/1121) | 5.6 (69/1237) | ||
| Child information | ||||
| Sex of child | 1.52 (1.25-1.85) | 1.57 (1.13-2.18) | ||
| Male | 12.2 (167/1374) | 3.4 (63/1830) | ||
| Female | 17.3 (231/1332) | 5.3 (96/1812) | ||
| Given colostrum | 1.34 (1.07-1.67) | 1.44 (0.98-2.11) | ||
| Yes | 13.8 (283/2052) | 4.2 (133/3165) | ||
| No | 17.6 (114/646) | 5.9 (27/455) | ||
| Exclusively breastfed for 6 months | 1.18 (0.78-1.78) | 1.63 (1.05-2.51) | ||
| Yes | 12.9 (31/240) | 3.0 (20/677) | ||
| No | 14.9 (367/2466) | 4.7 (140/2966) | ||
| Diarrhoea in the past two weeks | 1.65 (1.37-1.99) | 1.58 (0.93-2.70) | ||
| No | 12.0 (181/1513) | (133/3178) | ||
| Yes | 18.3 (210/1446) | 6.5 (24/371) | ||
| ARI episodes in the past year | 1.54 (1.16-2.05) | 1.53 (1.02-2.28) | ||
| Fewer than two | 11.4 (101/889) | 4.0 (115/2882) | ||
| Two or more | 16.5 (291/1761) | 6.0 (42/703) | ||
| Household and community information | ||||
| Area | 1.58 (1.05-2.38) | 0.92 (0.58-1.44) | ||
| Rural | 15.7 (344/2193) | 4.3 (104/2437) | ||
| Perceived household financial situation | 1.29 (0.96-1.73) | 1.07 (0.78-1.47) | ||
| Average or above | 14.1 (313/2222) | 4.3 (102/2366) | ||
| Less than average | 17.5 (82/469) | 4.6 (58/1258) | ||
| Community access to a government HF | 1.46 (1.05-2.03) | 1.10 (0.61-1.98) | ||
| Yes | 12.9 (220/1703) | 4.2 (116/2743) | ||
| No | 17.8 (177/993) | 4.6 (37/798) | ||
aRespondents’ with no privacy or language difficulties were not asked questions regarding domestic violence.