Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with overweight/obesity stratified by breastfeeding at 12 months of age
| Variables | Breastfeeding | Weaning | Interaction p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Overweight/obesity | N | Overweight/obesity | ||||
| n (%) | PR (95% CI) | n (%) | PR (95% CI) | ||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
| Mother’s educational level | |||||||
| ≤8 years of schooling | 120 | 20 (16.7) | 0.57 (0.36 – 0.89) | 82 | 13 (15.9) | 0.42 (0.25 – 0.70) | 0.291 |
| >8 years of schooling | 229 | 67 (29.3) | 241 | 92 (38.2) | |||
| Mother’s age (years) | |||||||
| <20 | 56 | 8 (14.3) | 0.53 (0.27 – 1.03) | 48 | 11 (22.9) | 0.67 (0.39 – 1.16) | 0.663 |
| ≥20 | 293 | 79 (27.0) | 275 | 94 (34.2) | |||
| Family income (multiples of minimum wage) | |||||||
| <2 | 194 | 34 (17.5) | 0.51 (0.35 – 0.75) | 127 | 31 (24.4) | 0.65 (0.45 – 0.92) | 0.462 |
| ≥2 | 155 | 53 (34.2) | 196 | 74 (37.8) | |||
| Mother working outside the home at time of birth | |||||||
| Yes | 108 | 30 (27.8) | 1.17 (0.80 – 1.72) | 133 | 59 (44.4) | 1.83 (1.34 – 2.51) | 0.050 |
| No | 141 | 57 (23.7) | 190 | 46 (24.2) | |||
| Genetic characteristics | |||||||
| Mother’s BMI | |||||||
| Overweight/Obesity | 167 | 56 (30.8) | 1.66 (1.13 – 2.45) | 153 | 70 (41.2) | 1.80 (1.28 – 2.53) | 0.591 |
| Underweight/Normal weight | 176 | 31 (18.6) | 170 | 35 (22.9) | |||
| Characteristics of the children | |||||||
| Type of delivery | |||||||
| Caesarean | 151 | 48 (31.8) | 1.61 (1.12 – 2.33) | 176 | 75 (42.6) | 2.09 (1.45 – 3.00) | 0.238 |
| Vaginal | 198 | 39 (19.7) | 147 | 30 (20.4) | |||
| Sex of child | |||||||
| Male | 165 | 37 (22.4) | 0.83 (0.57 – 1.19) | 171 | 55 (32.2) | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.34) | 0.520 |
| Female | 185 | 50 (27.2) | 152 | 50 (32.9) | |||
| Birth weight (grams) | |||||||
| <2,500 | 17 | 3 (17.6) | 0.70 (0.25 – 1.98) | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0.46 (0.13 – 1.67) | 0.588 |
| ≥2,500 | 332 | 84 (25.3) | 310 | 103 (33.2) | |||
| Gestational age | |||||||
| Preterm | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0.61 (0.17 – 2.21) | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 0.23 (0.04 – 1.52) | 0.366 |
| Full term | 336 | 85 (25.3) | 310 | 104 (33.5) | |||
| Physical activity at school | |||||||
| Yes | 78 | 26 (33.3) | 1.46 (0.99 – 2.15) | 101 | 40 (39.6) | 1.35 (0.98 – 1.85) | 0.825 |
| No | 268 | 61 (22.8) | 218 | 64 (29.4) | |||
| Sedentary activities (>1 h/day) | |||||||
| Yes | 320 | 80 (25.0) | 1.04 (0.53 – 2.03) | 301 | 100 (33.2) | 1.46 (0.67 – 3.21) | 0.488 |
| No | 29 | 7 (24.1) | 23 | 5 (22.7) | |||
| Sport outside of school | |||||||
| Yes | 31 | 11 (35.5) | 1.49 (0.89 – 2.48) | 48 | 24 (50.0) | 1.70 (1.21 – 2.38) | 0.539 |
| No | 318 | 76 (23.9) | 175 | 81 (29.5) | |||
| Plays ball games | |||||||
| Yes | 178 | 41 (23.0) | 0.86 (0.59 – 1.23) | 187 | 57 (30.5) | 0.86 (0.63 – 1.18) | 0.973 |
| No | 171 | 46 (26.9) | 136 | 48 (35.3) | |||
| Rides a bicycle | |||||||
| Yes | 242 | 59 (24.4) | 0.93 (0.63 – 1.37) | 226 | 70 (31.0) | 0.86 (0.62 – 1.19) | 0.714 |
| No | 107 | 28 (26.2) | 97 | 35 (36.1) | |||
| Buys school meals | |||||||
| Yes | 109 | 36 (33.0) | 1.54 (1.07 – 2.20) | 141 | 55 (39.0) | 1.42 (1.03 – 1.94) | 0.821 |
| No | 137 | 51 (21.5) | 178 | 49 (27.5) | |||
N = total number of children in “breastfeeding” or “weaning” group.
n = number of overweight and/or obesity children.
BMI = body mass index.
h = hour.