Table 2. Description of Studies Included in Current Review.
| Author | Event | Design | Type of Intervention in Treatment Group |
Type of Intervention in Control Group | Sample Size | Age Years/ Grades |
Number of Sessions and Duration of the Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berger and Gelkopf (2009)25 | Indian Ocean tsunami, Sri Lanka (2004) | CRC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 166 | 9–14/ Elementary school | 12 weekly sessions |
| Berger, Gelkopf and Heineberg (2012)13 | Chronic terrorism including multiple rocket attacks in Sderot, Israel (2000–2008) | CRC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 154 | 11–13/7–8 | 16 weekly sessions |
| Berger, Pat-Horenczyk and Gelkopf (2007)14 | Chronic terrorism including suicide bombings in Hadera, Israel (2000–2003) | CRC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 142 | NS/2–6 | 8 sessions |
| Brown, McQuaid et al. (2006)12 (Phase 1: Classroom intervention) | September 11 terrorist attack (2001) | NC | Strict CBT (group) | NA | 62 | 8–13/3–7 | 10 weekly sessions |
| Brown, McQuaid et al. (2006)12 (Phase 2: classroom + individual intervention vs. classroom intervention only) | September 11 terrorist attack (2001) | NRC | Strict CBT (individual) | Strict CBT (group) vs. Strict CBT (group + individual) | 59 | 8–13/3–7 | 10 weekly group sessions in the classroom and 6 individual sessions |
| Brown, Pearlman and Goodman24 (2004) | September 11 terrorist attack (2001) | NC | CBT with Grief Interventions | NA | 1 | 5 | 16 wk |
| Cain et al.21 (2010) | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | NC | PFA | NA | 99 | 5–15/ Elementary and middle school | 6-wk intervention |
| Catani et al.26 (2009) | Indian Ocean tsunami, Sri Lanka (2004) | RC | Narrative and exposure (KIDNET) |
Meditation and relaxation (Med-Relax) | 31 | 8–14/Middle school | 6 sessions completed in 2 wk |
| CATS Consortium (2010)22 | September 11 terrorist attack (2001) | NRC | Strict CBT | Strict CBT | 306 | 5–21/NS | 8–20 sessions for trauma-specific CBT and 4 sessions for brief-CBT skills |
| Chemtob, Nakashima and Carlson (2002)27 | Hurricane Iniki (1992) | RC | EMDR | WL | 32 | 6–12/NS | 3 weekly sessions |
| Chemtob, Nakashima and Hamada (2002)28 | Hurricane Iniki (1992) | RC | Eclectic with no CBT (group) | Eclectic with no CBT (individual) | 248 | 6–12/2–6 | 4 weekly sessions |
| Cohen et al. (2009)29 | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | NC | Strict CBT (CBITS and TF-CBT) |
NA | 2 | 8 and 11 (for case studies)/NS | 10 group sessions and 1–3 individual sessions for CBITS and 12–16 individual sessions for TF-CBT |
| de Roos et al. (2011)23 | Explosion at a fireworks factory in Enschede, Netherlands (2000) | RC | CBT | EMDR | 52 | 4–18/NS | 4 sessions over 4–8 wk |
| Fernandez (2007)30 | Earthquake in Molise, Italy (2002) | NC | EMDR | NA | 22 | 7–11/NS | Average of 6.5 sessions over 1 y |
| Field et al. (1996)31 | Hurricane Andrew (1992) | RC | Massage | Placebo video attention control group | 60 | NS/1–5 | 8 sessions |
| Galante and Foa (1986)32 | Earthquake in Central Italy (1980) | NC | Eclectic with no CBT | NA | 300 | NS/1–4 | 7 sessions |
| Gelkopf and Berger 2009)15 | Chronic terrorism including multiple terror attacks in Beer Sheba, Israel (2000–2006) | RC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 107 | NS/7–8 | 12 sessions |
| Giannopoulou et al. (2006)33 | Earthquake in Athens, Greece (1999) | NRCa | Strict CBT | WL | 17 | 8–12/NS | 6 weekly sessions |
| Gilboa-Schechtman et al. (2010)20 | Heterogeneous including terrorist attacks, motor vehicle accidents, and sexual and nonsexual assaults in Israel | RC | Exposure therapy (PE-A) | Psychodynamic therapy (TLDP-A) | 38 | 12–18/NS | 12–15 weekly sessions for PE-A and 15–18 sessions for TLDP-A |
| Goenjian et al. (1997)34 | Earthquake in Spitak, Armenia (1988) | NRC | Eclectic with CBT | NTC | 64 | NS/6–7 | 4 group and 2 individual sessions over 3 wk |
| Goenjian et al. (2005)35 | Earthquake in Spitak, Armenia (1988) | NRC | Eclectic with CBT | NTC | 63 | 15–17/NS | 4 group and 2 individual sessions over 3 wk |
| Goodman et al. (2004)36 | September 11 terrorist attack (2001) | NC | Client centered therapy | NA | 1 | 15/High school | 5 mo |
| Hardin et al. (2002)38 | Hurricane Hugo (1989) | CRC | Eclectic with CBT | NTC | 1030 | 13–18/High school | 3 sessions per year for 3 y |
| Jaycox et al. (2010)38 | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | RC | Strict CBT (TF-CBT) |
Strict CBT (CBITS) | 118 | NS/4–8 | 10 group sessions and 1–3 individual sessions for CBITS and 12 individual sessions or conjoint sessions with parent for TF-CBT |
| Karairmak and Aydin (2008)39 | Earthquake in the Marmara region, Turkey (1999) | RC | Cognitive therapy | Placebo attention control group | 20 | NS/NS | 9 sessions over 3 wk |
| Lesmana et al. (2009)40 | Terrorist attack in Bali, Indonesia (2002) | RC | Spiritual hypnosis | NTC | 226 | 6–12/NS | 1 session |
| Mahmoudi-Gharaei et al. (2009)41 | Earthquake in Bam, Iran (2003) | RC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 85 | 11–18/NS | 4 weekly sessions |
| Mahmoudi-Gharaei et al. (2009)42 | Earthquake in Bam, Iran (2003) | RC | Eclectic with CBT | Art and sport activities; Eclectic with CBT; WL | 161 | 6–11/NS | 4 sessions |
| March et al. (1998)18 | Heterogeneous including car accidents, severe storms, accidental and gunshot injury, severe illness, and fires | NRC | Strict CBT | WL | 17 | 10–15/4–9 | 18 weekly sessions |
| Plummer et al. (2009)43 | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | NC | PFA | NA | 12 | 6–13/ Elementary and middle school |
6 wk |
| Ronan and Johnston (1999)44 |
Volcanic eruptions of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand (1995) | CRC | Eclectic with CBT | Video based exposure and normalizing condition | 112 | 7–13/NS | 1 session |
| Ronan and Johnston (2003)45 |
Hazard education-preparedness, New Zealand | CRC | Emergency hazard educationb | Usual hazard educationb | 219 | 11–13/NS | 1 class period per day over six weeks for UC and NS for EM |
| Sahin et al. (2011)46 |
Earthquake in the Marmara region, Turkey (1999) |
NRC | Psychoeducation | NTC | 774 | NS/NS | NS |
| Salloum and Overstreet (2008)47 |
Hurricane Katrina (2005) | RC | Eclectic with CBT (individual) | Eclectic with CBT (group) | 56 | 7–12/NS | 10 sessions |
| Salloum and Overstreet (2012)48 |
Hurricane Katrina (2005) | RC | Eclectic with CBT (GTI-CN) |
Eclectic with CBT (GTI-C) |
70 | 6–12/2–6 | 11 sessions |
| Scheeringa et al. (2011)19 | Heterogeneous including Hurricane Katrina (2005), acute injury, and witness to domestic violence | RC | Strict CBT | WL | 64 | 3–6/NS | 12 sessions |
| Shen (2002)49 | Earthquake in Taiwan (1999) | RC | Play therapy | NTC | 30 | 8–12/3–6 | 10 sessions over 4 wk |
| Shooshtary et al. (2008)50 | Earthquake in Bam, Iran (2003) | NRC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 168 | 11–20/NS | 4 sessions over 4 wk |
| Taylor and Weems (2011)51 | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | NC | Strict CBT | NA | 6 | 8–13/NS | 10 weekly sessions |
| Vijayakumar et al. (2006)52 | Indian Ocean tsunami, Srinivasapuram, India (2004) |
NRC | Eclectic with CBT | NTC | 135 | 11–14/NS | 6 sessions over 6 mo |
| Vila et al. (1999)53 | School hostage crisis in Paris, France (1995) | NRC | Debriefing | NTC | 26 | 6–9.5/1 and 3 | Debriefing at 24 h and 6 wk post event |
| Weems et al. (2009)54 | Hurricane Katrina (2005) | CRC | Eclectic with CBT | NTC | 94 | 13–16/9 | 5 sessions over 4–5 wk |
| Wolmer, Hamiel, Barchas, Slone, Laor (2011)16 | Second Lebanon War (Chronic terrorism) (2006) |
NRC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 2135 | 8–12/3–6 | 15 weekly modules |
| Wolmer, Hamiel and Laor (2011)17 | Chronic terrorism with preventive intervention before rocket attacks, Operation Cast Lead, Israel (2008–2009) | NRC | Eclectic with CBT | WL | 1488 | NS/4–5 | 14 weekly modules |
| Wolmer, Laor, Dedeoglu et al. (2005)c, 55 | Earthquake in the Marmara region, Turkey (1999) | NRC | Eclectic with CBT | NTC | 287 | 9–17/NS | 8 twice-weekly sessions |
| Wolmer, Laor and Yazgan (2003)56 | Earthquake in the Marmara region, Turkey (1999) | NC | Eclectic with CBT | NA | 202 | NS/1–5 | 8 twice-weekly sessions |
| Yule (1992)57 | Jupiter cruise ship sinking at the Greek port of Piraeus (1988) | NRC | Debriefing and CBT | NTC | 39 | 14–16/NS | 1 session of debriefing and 2 CBT group sessions |
| Yule and Udwin (1991)58 | Jupiter cruise ship sinking at the Greek port of Piraeus (1988) | NC | Debriefing | NA | 24 | 14–16/NS | 1 session of debriefing |
Notes: CBITS, Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; EMDR, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; GTI-C, Grief and Trauma Intervention with Coping Skills; GTI-CN, Grief and Trauma Intervention with Coping Skills and Trauma Narrative Processing; KIDNET, Narrative Exposure Therapy for Children; NA, not applicable; NC, non-controlled study; NRC, non-randomized controlled study; NS, not specified; NTC, non-treatment control; PE-A, Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents; PFA, Psychological First Aid; RC, randomized controlled study; CRC, cluster-randomized controlled study; TF-CBT, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; TLDP-A, Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy for Adolescents; WL, waitlist; aThe two treatment groups (immediate treatment and delayed treatment) were merged for the analysis; bThe usual hazard education included reading of hazard-related materials and classroom discussions. In addition to the readings and classroom discussions, children in the emergency management education condition were given additional material related to hazard adjustments and guided interactions through homework to be completed with their parents; cWolmer and colleagues55 is a follow-up to an earlier study by the same group.56