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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 21.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Immunol. 2015 Feb 11;33:747–785. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112123

Table 2.

Known regulators of IL-22 production

Molecule Type of
regulation		 Mode of action Refs
IL-23 Positive Main stimulator of IL-22 production, mediated by STAT-3 (34, 42–45, 133)
IL-1β Positive Directly induces IL-22 production by TH17, NKT and ILCs and inhibits progression of ILCs into IFNγ-producing subsets (55, 120, 125, 169–171, 174)
IL-7 Positive Differentiation and expansion of IL-22 producing cells and stabilizing RORγt expression (70, 72, 175–177)
AhR Positive Promotes development of ILCs and TH17 cells and directly promotes IL-22 production (187, 190, 191)
Notch Positive Differentiation of IL-22 producing lymphoid cells as well as promoting IL-22 production by mediating AhR signals (95, 98, 202, 203, 205)
IL-22BP Negative Soluble IL-22R with 1000-fold higher affinity for IL-22 than membrane bound receptor (14, 215–217)
TGFβ Negative Inhibits IL-22, potentially binding to IL-22 promoter but also mediated through c-Maf (224)
IL-27 Negative (225, 226)
ICOS Negative Induction of c-Maf and reduced expression of IL-22 (227, 228)
c-Maf Negative Common pathway of TGFβ, IL-27 and ICOS mediated negative regulation of IL-22 (48, 227, 228)
IL-25 Negative Produced by epithelial cells, inhibits the production of IL-22 by ILCs (263)