Table 2.
Maternal and child characteristics of the study sample according to maternal prepregnancy weight status, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, United States, 2001-2007
| Underweight, n = 350, %a | Normal weight, n = 2950, %a | Overweight, n = 1150, %a | Obese class I, n = 450, %a | Obese class II and III, n = 300 %a | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal variables | ||||||
| Age, years | < 0.001 | |||||
| 15-19 | 24.5 | 12.8 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 5.8 | |
| 20-24 | 30.6 | 23.9 | 27.1 | 24.8 | 25.9 | |
| 25-29 | 17.6 | 27.9 | 24.9 | 30.5 | 26.7 | |
| 30-34 | 22.1 | 22.2 | 25.2 | 23.9 | 28.6 | |
| 35-50 | 5.1 | 13.2 | 15.4 | 14.0 | 13.0 | |
| Race-ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 62.0 | 63.5 | 61.7 | 52.9 | 54.3 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 12.7 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 20.9 | 25.4 | |
| Hispanic | 16.6 | 18.2 | 22.3 | 24.1 | 18.76 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian | 7.9 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 | |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.12 | |
| Married | 60.3 | 69.3 | 70.0 | 63.7 | 62.46 | 0.02 |
| Schooling, years | < 0.001 | |||||
| <12 | 26.9 | 19.6 | 19.9 | 19.7 | 22.8 | |
| 12 | 41.2 | 29.0 | 32.9 | 37.0 | 36.6 | |
| 13-15 | 18.7 | 21.2 | 23.3 | 25.8 | 28.1 | |
| ≥16 | 13.2 | 30.3 | 23.9 | 17.5 | 12.5 | |
| Primiparous | 52.8 | 44.9 | 37.3 | 31.2 | 33.7 | < 0.001 |
| Smoked during past 3 months of pregnancy | 24.4 | 10.9 | 8.5 | 14.8 | 12.9 | < 0.001 |
| Household poverty | <0.001 | |||||
| <130% | 37.0 | 27.3 | 33.0 | 37.7 | 40.2 | |
| 130 to < 185% | 16.0 | 11.8 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 12.9 | |
| ≥185% | 46.9 | 60.9 | 51.5 | 47.5 | 46.9 | |
| Enrichment variables | ||||||
| Read books to child daily | 31.8 | 43.0 | 35.4 | 35.7 | 32.1 | < 0.001 |
| Child watched TV > 2 h per day | 62.9 | 58.1 | 60.4 | 68.4 | 71.6 | < 0.001 |
| Number of books in household | ||||||
| ≤20 | 33.2 | 25.4 | 30.2 | 32.6 | 29.5 | 0.11 |
| 21-99 | 39.4 | 41.2 | 40.1 | 41.0 | 42.0 | |
| ≥100 | 27.4 | 33.4 | 29.6 | 26.5 | 28.6 | |
| Children's variables | ||||||
| Weight status at kindergarten | < 0.001 | |||||
| Underweight | 3.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.9 | |
| Normal weight | 76.3 | 69.1 | 58.9 | 54.8 | 46.1 | |
| Overweight | 8.2 | 17.0 | 20.5 | 20.2 | 16.2 | |
| Obese | 1.8 | 12.1 | 19.1 | 23.3 | 37.6 | |
| Learning or behavioral disabilityb | 14.6 | 11.9 | 12.5 | 14.7 | 20.4 | 0.01 |
| Learning or behavioral disability excluding stuttering | 8.4 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 12.7 | 0.01 |
| Physical disabilityc | 6.2 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 0.34 |
| Physical disability excluding epilepsy | 5.6 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 0.20 |
| Low fine motor | 4.6 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 0.08 |
| Low gross motor | 11.1 | 7.0 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 14.8 | 0.001 |
Presented as unweighted sample size rounded to the nearest 50 and weighted % per data agreement with the Department of Education. Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Learning or behavioral disability classified as ever diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism or pervasive development disorder (PDD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), intellectual disability, stuttering or other developmental delay.
Physical disability classified as ever diagnosed with hearing loss, blindness, epilepsy or mobility disability such as cerebral palsy.