Table 2.

Compitalion of commonly used herbs and herbal products with reported hepatotoxicity.

Search items	Botanical names, ingredients, references
Acacia catechu	see Ayurvedic herb
Asterceae family	Adenostyles alliariae (Sperl et al., 1995)
Aloe	Aloe perfoliata var. vera (Rabe et al., 2005; Kanat et al., 2006; Bottenberg et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2010)
Amorphophallus Konjac	see Hydroxycut®
Arrowroot	Maranta aruninacea or Tacca leontopetaloides (Kim et al., 2009)
Atractylis gummifera	see Distaff thistle
Ayurvedic herbs	Psoralea corylifolia, Acacia catechu, Eclipta alba or Bacopa monnieri, Vetivexia zizaniodis (Teschke and Bahre, 2009)
Babchi	Psoralea corylifolia, see also Ayurvedic herbs (Nam et al., 2005)
Bacopa monnieri	see Ayurvedic herbs
Bajiaolian	Dysosma pleianthum (Kao et al., 1992)
Boronia Sm.	see Pro-Lean®
Buchu Tea	Agathosma betulina, Agathosma crenulata (Engels at al., 2013)
Bush tea	Crotalaria species (Smith and Culvenor, 1981)
Callile pis laureola	see Impila
Camellia sinensis	see green tea, Exolise®, and Hydroxycut® see X-elles®
Cascara sagrada	Rhamnus purshianus (Nadir et al., 2000)
Cassia angustifolia	see Senna
Centella asiatica	see Gotu Kola, see Pro-Lean®
Chamaerops humilis	see Saw Palmetto
Chaparral	Larrea tridentata, Larrea divariatica
syn. Creosot	(Katz and Saibil, 1990; Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1992; Smith and Desmond, 1993; Alderman et al., 1994; Batchelor et al., 1995; Gordon et al., 1995; Sheikh et al., 1997; Haller et al., 2002; Estes et al., 2003)
Chelidonium majus	see Greater Celandine, see Lycopodium similiaplex®
Chinese herbs	Unknown or up to 12 ingredients
Chlorophora species	see Kambala tea
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum	see Oxeye Daisy
Citrus aurantium	see X-elles®
Citrus paradisum	see X-elles®
Cyrana scolymus	see X-elles®
Cola nitida	see Pro-Lean®
Coltsfoot	Tussilago farfara (Roulet et al., 1988)
Comfrey	Symphytum officinale, Symphytum asperum, Symphytum uplandicum (Ridker et al., 1985; Weston et al., 1987; Bach et al., 1989; Ridker and McDermott, 1989; Miskelly and Goodyer, 1992)
Compositae species	see Indian herbs
Creosot	see Chaparral
Crotalaria species	see Bush tea, see Rattlebox
Cyperus	see Pro-Lean®
Distaff thistle	Atractylis gummifera (Georgia, 1988)
Eclipta alba	see Ayurvedic herbs
Emblica officinalis	see Isabgol
Ephedra species	Ephedra californica, Ephedra sinica (Estes et al., 2003)
Exolise®	Garcinia cambogia, Gymnema sylvestre, White kidney bean, Camellia sinensis, L-Carnitine fumarate, Calcium, Magnesium chelate, Chromium chelate, Conjugated linoleic acid, Chitosan (McDonnell et al., 2009)
Fallopia multiflora	see Pro-Lean®
Foeniculum amare	see Herbalife®
Fucus vesiculosus	see Pro-Lean®
Garcinia cambogia	see Exilis®, see Herbalife®, see Hydroxycut®
Germander	Teucrium chamaedrys, Teucrium polium (Larrey et al., 1992; Mostefa-Kara et al., 1992; Dao et al., 1993; Mattéi et al., 1995; Laliberté and Villeneuve, 1996; Starakis et al., 2006)
Ginkgo biloba	see Pro-Lean®
Ginseng	see Bai Fang, see Dai Saiko To, see Pro-Lean®,
	see Xiao Chai Hu Tan
Glycyrrhiza glabra	see Dai Saiko To, see Xiao Chai Hu Tang
Gotu Kola	Centella asiatica (Jorge and Jorge, 2005)
Greater Celandine	Chelidonium majus, see also Lycopodium similiaplex® (Strahl et al., 1998; Greving et al., 1998; Benninger et al., 1999; Crijns et al., 2002; Hardeman et al., 2003; Stickel et al., 2003; BfArM, 2005; Rifai et al., 2006; Conti et al., 2008; Moro et al., 2009; Tarantino et al., 2009; EMA, 2010; Teschke et al., 2011a, 2012a, 2013b)
Green tea	Camellia sinensis, see also Lu Cha (Table 1) (Duenas Sadornil et al., 2004; Garcia-Moran et al., 2004; Abu el Wafa et al., 2005; Gloro et al., 2005; Bonkovsky, 2006; Javaid and Bonkovsky, 2006; Jimenez-Saenz and Martinez-Sanchez, 2006; Molinari et al., 2006; Martinez-Sierra et al., 2006; Björnsson and Olsson, 2007; Federico et al., 2007; Liss and Lewis, 2009; Sarma et al., 2008; Mazzanti et al., 2009; Verheist et al., 2009; Rohde et al., 2011; Teschke et al., 2011e, 2014e; Teschke and Schulze, 2012)
Groundsel	Senecio longilobus, Senecio species
syn. Senecio	Stillman et al., 1977; Fox et al., 1978
Guaraná	Paullinia cupana (Dara et al., 2008)
Gymnema sylvestre	see Exilis®, see Hydroxycut®
Hawthorn	see Crataegus
Hedeoma pulegoides	see Pennyroyal
Heliotropium	Heliotropium eichwaldii, Heliotropium species (Mohabbat et al., 1976; Datta et al., 1978; Tandon et al., 2008; Kakar et al., 2010)
Herbalife®	Solidaginis gigantea, Ilex paraguariensis, Petroselinum crispum, Garcinia cambogia, Spiraea, Matricaria chamomilla, Liquiritia, Foeniculum amare, Humulus lupulus, Chromium, and various other ingredients (Hoffmann et al., 2005; Duque et al., 2007; Elinav et al., 2007; Schoepfer et al., 2007; Chao et al., 2008; Manso et al., 2008; Stickel et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2010; Jóhannsson et al., 2010; Appelhans et al., 2011; Manso et al., 2011; Appelhans et al., 2012; Manso, 2012; Halegoua-De Marzio et al., 2013; Teschke et al., 2013b)
Horse chestnut	see Venencapsan®, see Venoplant®
Hydroxycut®	Camellia sinensis, Gymnema sylvestre, Amorphophallus Konjac, Paullinia cupana, Garcinia cambogia, Caffeine, α-Lipoic acid, L-Carnitine, Calcium, Potassium, Chromium (Stevens et al., 2005; Jones and Andrews, 2007; Dara et al., 2008; Shim and Saab, 2009; Chen et al., 2010; Fong et al., 2010)
Humulus lupulus	see Herbalife®
Ilex paraguariensis	see Herbalife®, see Maté
Impila	Callilepis laureola (Wainwright et al., 1977; Wainwright and Schonland, 1977; Popat et al., 2001)
Indian herbs	Compositae species (Kumana et al., 1983)
Iroko	see Kambala tea
Isabgol	Plantago ovata, Emblica officinalis (Fraquelli et al., 2000)
Kambala tea	Chlorophora excelsa, Chlorophora regia
syn. Iroko	(Gunawan and Kaplowitz, 2004)
Kava	Piper methysticum (Strahl et al., 1998; Escher et al., 2001; BfArM, 2002; Bujanda et al., 2002; Denham et al., 2002; Weise et al., 2002; Estes et al., 2003; Gow et al., 2003; Humberston et al., 2003; Russmann et al., 2003; Schulze et al., 2003; Teschke et al., 2003, 2008a,b, 2011b, 2012c; Schmidt et al., 2005; WHO, 2007a; Christl et al., 2009; Teschke and Wolff, 2009, 2011; Teschke, 2010a,c; Teschke and Schulze, 2010; Teschke and Lebot, 2011; Schmidt, 2014)
Larrea divariatica	see Chaparral
Larrea tridentata	see Chaparral
Leucanthemum vulgare	see Oxeye Daisy
Liquiritia	see Herbalife®
Lycopodium serratum foot clubmass	see Lycopodium similiaplex®, see Wolf's
Lycopodium similiaplex®	Lycopodium serratum, Chelidonium majus (Conti et al., 2008)
Maranta aruninacea	see Arrowroot
Maté	Ilex paraguariensis (McGee et al., 1976)
Matricaria chamomilla	see Herbalife®
Mentha pulegium	see Pennyroyal
Mistletoe	Viscum album (Harvey and Colin-Jones, 1981; Hyde, 1981; Colin-Jones and Harvey, 1982; Farnsworth and Loub, 1982; Stirpe, 1983)
Monascus purpureus	see Red Yeast Rice
Morinda citrifolium	see Noni
Nerium oleander	see Oleander
Noni	Morinda citrifolium (Millonig et al., 2005; Stadlbauer et al., 2005, 2008; Yüce et al., 2006; López-Cepero Andrada et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2011; Mrzljak et al., 2013)
Oleander	Nerium oleander (Altan et al., 2009)
Oxeye Daisy	Leucanthemum vulgare, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Mokhobo, 1976)
Paullinia cupana	see Guaraná, see Hydroxycut®, see Pro-Lean®
Pennyroyal	Mentha pulegium, Hedeoma pulegoides (Vallance, 1955; Sullivan et al., 1979; Anderson et al., 1996; Bakerink et al., 1996)
Petroselinum crispum	see Herbalife®
Petroselinum sativum	see X-elles®
Piper methysticum	see Kava
Phaseolus vulgaris	see Exilis ®
Plantago ovata	see Isabgol
Pro-Lean®	Ma Huang, Paullinia cupana, Cola nitida, Centella asiatica, Salix alba,Ginkgo biloba, Fucus vesiculosus, Boronia Sm., Ginseng, Fallopia multiflora, Cyperus, Bee pollen, Caffeine, L-Tyrosine, Chromium, Vanadium, Magnesiumsalicylat, Folsäure, Vitamin B12, and various other ingredients (Joshi et al., 2007)
Psoralea corylifolia	see Ayurvedic herbs
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids	see Bush tea, see Comfrey, see Groundsel, see Heliotropium species,
	see Indian herbs, see Maté, see Rattlebox
Rattlebox	Crotalaria species
syn. Crotalaria	(Tandon et al., 1976a,b)
Red Yeast Rice	Monascus purpureus (Roselle et al., 2008)
Rhamnus purshianus	see Cascara sagrada
Rooibos Tea	Aspalathus linearis (Engels et al., 2013)
Salix alba	see Pro-Lean®
Sassafras	Sassafras albidum (Larrey, 1997; Zimmerman, 1999)
Saw Palmetto	Serenoa serpens, Chamaerops humilis (Lapi et al., 2010)
Scullcap	Scutellaria lateriflora, Scutellaria species (MacGregor et al., 1989; Caldwell et al., 1994; Hullar et al., 1999; Estes et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2012a)
Scutellaria species	see Scullcap
Senecio	see Groundsel
Senna	Cassia angustifolia (Beuers et al., 1991; Seybold et al., 2004; Vanderperren et al., 2005)
Serenoa serpens	see Saw Palmetto
Solidaginis gigantea	see Herbalife®
Spiraea	see Herbalife®
Symphytum	see Comfrey
Tacca leontopetaloides	see Arrowroot
Teucrium	see Germander
Tussilago farfara	see Coltsfoot
Valerian	Valeriana officinalis (MacGregor et al., 1989; Mennecier et al., 1999)
Valeriana officinalis	see Valerian
Venencapsan®	Aesculus hippocastanum, Chelidonium majus, Melilotus officinalis, Milfoil, Silybum Adans., Taraxacum officinale (De Smet et al., 1996)
Venoplant®	Aesculus hippocastanum (Takegoshi et al., 1986)
Vetivexia zizaniodis	see Ayurvedic herbs
Viscum album	see Mistletoe
Wolf's foot clubmass	Lycopodium serratum (Woolf et al., 1994; Horowitz et al., 1996; Conti et al., 2008)
X-elles®	Petroselinum sativum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus paradisum, Cyrana scolymus, Camellia sinensis (Mathieu et al., 2005)

Data are retrieved from a selective literature search for selective reports of herbs and herbal products with hepatotoxicity and actualized from a previous report (Teschke et al., 2012h). In numerous cases, causality was proposed, but not necessarily established and open for discussion.