Table 3.
Associations between gestational diabetes and pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes among deliveries in South Korea, 2010–2012
| Complication | 2010–2012 |
P‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal group (n = 1 171 575) | Gestational diabetes group (n = 78 716) | Pre-existing diabetes group (n = 32 207) | ||
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension without significant proteinuria | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 11,669 (1.00) | 1,344 (1.71) | 957 (2.97) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.73 (1.63–1.83) | 3.04 (2.85–3.26) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.66 (1.57–1.76) | 2.88 (2.69–3.08) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.49 (1.41.1.58) | 1.72 (1.60–1.85) | |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension with significant proteinuria | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 13,218 (1.13) | 1,307 (1.66) | 1,263 (3.92) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.48 (1.40–1.57) | 3.58 (3.37–3.79) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.41 (1.33–1.49) | 3.33 (3.14–3.53) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.24 (1.17–1.32) | 2.00 (1.87–2.13) | |
| Eclampsia | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 605 (0.05) | 63 (0.08) | 51 (0.16) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.55 (1.20–2.01) | 3.07 (2.31–4.09) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.48 (1.14–1.92) | 2.86 (2.15–3.81) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 1.53 (1.14–2.07) | |
| Infection of genitourinary tract | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 246,378 (21.03) | 19,323 (24.55) | 8,453 (26.25) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.22 (1.20–1.24) | 1.34 (1.30–1.37) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.23 (1.21–1.25) | 1.35 (1.32–1.38) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.22 (1.20–1.24) | 1.32 (1.28–1.35) | |
| Embolism/deep vein thrombosis | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 324 (0.03) | 28 (0.04) | 40 (0.12) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.29 (0.87–1.89) | 4.50 (3.24–6.25) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.19 (0.81–1.76) | 4.02 (2.89–5.60) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | 3.31 (2.35–4.64) | |
| Puerperal sepsis | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 1225 (0.10) | 117 (0.15) | 39 (0.12) | 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.42 (1.18–1.72) | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.46 (1.21–1.77) | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.46 (1.21–1.76) | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) | |
| Wound infection | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 40 732 (3.48) | 2129 (2.70) | 829 (2.57) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | 0.73 (0.69–0.79) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.79 (0.75–0.82) | 0.76 (0.71–0.81) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.79 (0.76–0.83) | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | |
| Puerperal sepsis | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 1225 (0.10) | 117 (0.15) | 39 (0.12) | 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.42 (1.18–1.72) | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.46 (1.21–1.77) | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.46 (1.21–1.76) | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) | |
| Antepartum haemorrhage | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 27 977 (2.39) | 1,805 (2.29) | 974 (3.02) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 1.28 (1.20–1.36) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) | |
| Postpartum haemorrhage | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 85 498 (7.30) | 5533 (7.03) | 1,932 (6.00) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 0.81 (0.77–0.84) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | 0.80 (0.76–0.83) | |
| Pelvic and perineal trauma | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 68 803 (5.87) | 3926 (4.99) | 1387 (4.31) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.72 (0.68–0.76) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) | 0.77 (0.73–0.82) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | |
| Uterine rupture | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 232 (0.02) | 25 (0.03) | 5 (0.02) | 0.062 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.60 (1.06–2.42) | 0.78 (0.32–1.90) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.43 (0.94–2.16) | 0.66 (0.27–1.60) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.39 (0.92–2.10) | 0.58 (0.24–1.42) | |
| Shoulder dystocia | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 233 (0.02) | 19 (0.02) | 13 (0.04) | 0.033 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.21 (0.76–1.94) | 2.03 (1.16–3.55) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.17 (0.73–1.86) | 1.91 (1.09–3.35) | |
| Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.23 (0.77–1.97) | 2.27 (1.29–3.99) | |
| Premature separation of placenta | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 4888 (0.42) | 328 (0.42) | 207 (0.64) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.54 (1.34–1.78) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.97 (0.86–1.08) | 1.47 (1.28–1.69) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 1.28 (1.11–1.47) | |
| Placenta previa | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 13 598 (1.16) | 1,108 (1.41) | 609 (1.89) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.22 (1.14–1.29) | 1.64 (1.51–1.78) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.10 (1.04–1.18) | 1.42 (1.31–1.55) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.39 (1.28–1.51) | |
| Placental disorders | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 5584 (0.48) | 426 (0.54) | 367 (1.14) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 2.41 (2.16–2.68) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 2.21 (1.99–2.46) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 1.99 (1.79–2.22) | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 234 221 (19.99) | 16 388 (20.82) | 6820 (21.18) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | |
| Preterm delivery | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 23 943 (2.04) | 2330 (2.96) | 1488 (4.62) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.46 (1.40–1.53) | 2.32 (2.20–2.45) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.40 (1.34–1.46) | 2.18 (2.06–2.30) | |
| †Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.29 (1.23–1.34) | 1.76 (1.67–1.87) | |
| Prolonged pregnancy | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 10,874 (0.93) | 492 (0.63) | 228 (0.71) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.67 (0.61–0.74) | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.70 (0.64–0.76) | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | |
| †Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) | 0.91 (0.79–1.03) | |
| Liver disorder | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 49 265 (4.21) | 7455 (9.47) | 6220 (19.31) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 2.38 (2.32–2.45) | 5.45 (5.30–5.61) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 2.34 (2.28–2.40) | 5.30 (5.15–5.46) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 2.31 (2.25–2.37) | 5.01 (4.87–5.16) | |
| Chronic renal disease | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 2,238 (0.19) | 218 (0.28) | 458 (1.42) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.45 (1.26–1.67) | 7.54 (6.81–8.34) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.43 (1.24–1.64) | 7.37 (6.65–8.16) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.33 (1.15–1.53) | 5.10 (4.58–5.68) | |
| Acute renal complication | ||||
| Number of cases (%) | 1,853 (0.16) | 127 (0.16) | 208 (0.65) | < 0.001 |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 4.10 (3.55–4.74) | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 4.07 (3.52–4.70) | |
| *Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 3.53 (3.05–4.10) | |
OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference value.
*
Adjusted for age, multiple pregnancy, and pre-existing hypertension prior to pregnancy.
†
Adjusted for age, multiple pregnancy, pre-existing hypertension prior to pregnancy, and Cesarean section.
‡
Chi-squared test.