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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 23.
Published in final edited form as: Ecol Appl. 2011 Oct;21(7):2806–2821. doi: 10.1890/11-0204.1

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Generalized a priori conceptual model depicting pathways by which age and dispersal limitations may influence plants, biological soil crusts, soil microorganisms and their interactions, and three indicators of ecosystem development. Dashed boxes depict conceptual variables that may be represented by real data measurements (solid boxes). Single-headed arrows signify a hypothesized causal influence of one variable upon another.