Table 2. Psychometric properties of empathy questionnaire, EAQ, EEQ and observations.
| Total study population N = 284 | HI study population N = 122 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI | Controls | HI | Controls | CI | HA | |||
| No. of items | Answer range | Crohnbach's alpha | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
| Self report | ||||||||
| Empathy Questionnaire | 18 | 1–3 | .83 | .81 | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.3)** | 2.2 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) |
| Affective empathy | 7 | .66 | .68 | 1.9 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) | 2.0 (0.4) | |
| Cognitive empathy | 5 | .68 | .66 | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.4)** | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) | |
| Prosocial motivation | 6 | .76 | .72 | 2.6 (0.4) | 2.7 (0.3)** | 2.6 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.4) | |
| EAQ—Attendance to others' emotions | 5 | 1–3 | .64 | .60 | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.4)** | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) |
| Parent report | ||||||||
| EEQ—Emotion recognition | 6 | 1–5 | .78 | .74 | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.3) |
| Experimenters observation | ||||||||
| Attention to emotion | 8 | 1–3 | 2.5 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.4)** | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.4) | ||
| Supportive behavior | 1 | 1–3 | 2.6 (0.6) | 2.9 (0.4)** | 2.6 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.5) | ||
| WISC non-verbal intelligence˜ | 26 | 0–7 | 10.3 (2.8) | 10.7 (2.5) | 10.0 (2.7) | 10.5 (3) | ||
| CELF-IV language development˜ | 35 | 0–1 | 6.5 (2.7) | 7.0 (1.9) | 6.1 (2.8) | 6.7 (2.6) | ||
Abbreviations: HI Hearing Impaired, CI Cochlear Implant, HA Hearing Aid, SD Standard Deviation, EAQ Emotion Awareness Questionnaire, EEQ Emotional Expressivity Questionnaire.
* p<.05,
** p<.01,
˜ normscores.