Table 2.

Evidence of directly-opposite associations between nonapeptide hormones and outcome variables, in males compared to females

Species	Findings	Citation(s)
Human	Intranasal AVP administration is associated with decreased perception of unfamiliar same-sex faces as friendly in males; increased perception as friendly in females	Thompson et al. (2006)
Humans	Intranasal oxytocin administration decreases amygdala responses to fearful faces in males, increases them in females	Domes et al. (2007a,b) and Domes (2010)
Humans	Intranasal oxytocin administration increases left amygdala responses to mutual cooperation in males, decreases them in females	Rilling et al. (2014)
Humans	Intranasal oxytocin administration decreases sympathetic nervous system responses and emotional arousal in females, increases them in males	Ditzen et al. (2013)
Humans	Males rate neutral faces more negatively after intranasal oxytocin administration; females rate them more positively. Males make more negative social-judgement ratings after oxytocin; females make more positive ones	Hoge et al. (2014)
Humans	Intranasal AVP administration increases friendliness perception in females, decreases it in males	Thompson et al. (2006) and Uzefovsky et al. (2012)
Humans	Intranasal oxytocin administration followed by social stress induction decreases anger in males, increases it in females; over time, oxytocin decreases positive mood in females, increases it in males	Kubzansky et al. (2012)
Hamsters	AVP injections into hypothalamus increase aggression in males, decrease it in females	Albers (2012)
Rats	Injection of AVPR1a receptor antagonist into brain reduces social play in males, increases it in females	Veenema et al. (2013)
Finches	Knockdown of AVP production increases aggression towards opposite sex in males, decreases it in females	Kelly and Goodson (2014)