Table 3.
Summary of the changes in the molecular expression in axotomized neurons after peripheral nerve injury.
| Lesion | Location | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurotrophic factors/receptors | ||||
| BDNF | ↑ | Transection | DRG | Kashiba and Senba (1999) |
| ↑ | CCI | DRG | Obata et al. (2003) | |
| ↑ | Crush | DRG | Ernfors et al. (1993) | |
| ↑ | Ligation | DRG | Fukuoka et al. (2001) | |
| ↑ | Transection | MN | Gu et al. (1997) | |
| ↑ | Crush | DRG | Tonra et al. (1998) | |
| ↑ | Spinal ligation | DRG | Shen et al. (1999) | |
| Trk | = | Crush | DRG | Ernfors et al. (1993) |
| Ret (GDNF receptor) | ↑ | Transection | MN | Hammarberg et al. (2000) |
| = | Transection | DRG | Bennett et al. (2000) | |
| GFRalpha2 | ↓ | Transection | DRG | Bennett et al. (2000), Hoke et al. (2000) |
| GFRalpha1, GFRalpha3 | ↑ | Transection | DRG | Bennett et al. (2000) |
| Ret and GDNFalpha1 | ↑ | Crush | DRG/MN | Naveilhan et al. (1997) |
| NT-3 | = | Spinal ligation | DRG | Shen et al. (1999) |
| = | Transection | SC | Funakoshi et al. (1993) | |
| trkB | ↑ | Transection | MN | Hammarberg et al. (2000) |
| ↑ | Crush | SC/DRG | Ernfors et al. (1993) | |
| NGF | = | Transection | MN | Gu et al. (1997) |
| ↑ | Spinal ligation | DRG | Shen et al. (1999) | |
| NGF-R | ↑ | Crush | MN | Ernfors et al. (1989) |
| 16 kDa pancreatitis-associated protein (Reg-2) | ↑ | Transection | DRG | Averill et al. (2002) |
| Transcriptional factors | ||||
| c-fos | ↑ | Transection | MN | Gu et al. (1997) |
| ↑ | Transection | DH | Kajander et al. (1996) | |
| ↑ | CCI | DH | Kajander et al. (1996) and Ro et al. (2004) | |
| c-jun | ↑ | Transection | DRG | Jenkins and Hunt (1991), Broude et al. (1997) and Kenney and Kocsis (1997) |
| ↑ | Crush | MN | Jenkins and Hunt (1991) | |
| Signal transd. and activ. of transc. 3 (STAT3) | ↑(A) | Transection | DRG | Qiu et al. (2005) |
| Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) | ↑ | Transection | MN/DRG/DH | Tsujino et al. (2000) |
| NFκB | ↑ | Transection | DH | Pollock et al. (2005) |
| ↑(A) | PNSL/CCI | DRG | Ma and Bisby (1998) | |
| Isl 1 | ↑ | Crush | DRG | Vogelaar et al. (2004) |
| DRG11, LmX1b, Pax3 | = | Crush | DRG | Vogelaar et al. (2004) |
| Others | ||||
| TNF-alpha receptor 1 (p55) | ↑ | Crush | DRG | Ohtori et al. (2004) |
| Nectin-3 | ↑ | Transection | MN | Zelano et al. (2006) |
| P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) | ↑(A) | CCI | DRG | Obata et al. (2004a) |
| Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) | ↑ | CCI | DRG/MN/DH | Zhang and De Koninck (2006) |
| Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) | ↑ | Ligation | DRG | Madiai et al. (2003) |
| Glutamate transporter EAAC1 | ↓ | CCI | DH | Wang et al. (2006) |
| cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) | ↑(P) | CCI | DH | Miletic et al. (2004) |
All the injuries were performed on the sciatic nerve in murine adult animals. The changes indicated are mainly based on studies on mRNA expression or immunoreactiviy; some are based on phosphorylation (P) or activity (A). Measurements were performed in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or motoneurones (MN) of the ventral horn; in some cases, determinations were described as expression in dorsal horn (DH) or spinal cord (SC). Note that for each molecule, references are grouped according to type of injury, as in some cases the expression varies depending on the injury model or the cell type. The arrows (↑: increase; ↓: decrease) represent up- or down-regulation.