Table 1.
Selected prospective studies of cigar smoking and mortality
| Author | Publication year | Country | Cohort name | Follow-up | Total participants | Total current cigar and/pipe smokers | Age range | Effect measure reported | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kahn [28] | 1966 | US | Dorn study | 1954-1957 | to 1962 | 248,195 | N/A | 31 to 84 | SMR |
| Best [15] | 1966 | Canada | Canadian Study of Smoking and Health | 1956 | to 1962 | 92,000 | 1,594 | 30 to 90 | SMR |
| Cole [19] | 1974 | Denmark | 1958 | to 1972 | 183 | N/A | 55 to 64 | Calculated IRR | |
| Gordon [36] | 1974 | US | Framingham | 1948-1953 | to 1966-1970 | 2,336 | 311 | 29 to 62 | Calculated IRR |
| Doll [22] | 1976 | UK | Male British Doctors | 1951 | to 1971 | 34,440 | N/A | 20 and older | Calculated SMR |
| Jajich [27] | 1984 | US | Cook County, IL | 1965 | to 1970 | 2,674 | 265 (18 females) | 65 to 74 | IRR |
| Carstensen [17] | 1987 | Sweden | Swedish Census Cohort | 1963 | to 1979 | 25,129 | N/A | 18 to 69 | SMR |
| Sandler [29] | 1989 | US | Washington, County, MD | 1963 | to 1975 | 46,926 | 1,671 (10 females) | 25 and older | IRR, 95% CI |
| Hsing [25] | 1990 | US | Dorn study | 1954-1957 | to 1980 | 249,829 | N/A | 31 to 84 | IRR, 95% CI |
| Strachan [34] | 1991 | UK | Nested case–control within Whitehall study cohort | 1967-1969 | to 1987 | 18,403 | N/A | 40 to 64 years | OR, 95% CI |
| Lange [30] | 1992 | Denmark | Copenhagen City Heart Study | 1976 | to 1989 | 14,214 | 808 (770 females) | 20 and older | HR, 95% CI |
| Chow [21] | 1992 | US | Lutheran Brotherhood Insurance Society | 1966 | to 1986 | 17,818 | N/A | 35 years and older | IRR, 95% CI |
| Chow [20] | 1993 | US | Dorn study | 1954-1957 | to 1980 | 248,046 | N/A | 31 to 84 | IRR, 95% CI |
| Ben-Shlomo [16] | 1994 | UK | Whitehall study | 1967-1969 | to 1987 | 19,018 | 763 | 40 to 69 | Calculated IRR |
| Heineman [24] | 1995 | US | Dorn study | 1954-1957 | to 1980 | 248,046 | N/A | 31 to 84 | IRR, 95% CI |
| Haheim [23] | 1996 | Finland | Oslo study | 1972 | to 1992 | 16,173 | 1,623 | 40 to 49 | HR, 95% CI |
| Wald [35] | 1997 | UK | British United Provident Association | 1975-1982 | to 1993 | 21,520 | 1,831 | 35 to 64 | HR, 95% CI |
| Shanks [31] | 1998 | US | CPS-I | 1959-1960 | to 1972 | 442,455 | 15,191 (primary) | 30 and older | IRR, 95% CI |
| Jacobs [26] | 1999 | US | CPS-II | 1982 | to 1991 | 121,278 | 6,914 | 30 years or older | HR, 95% CI |
| Shapiro [33] | 2000 | US | CPS-II | 1982 | to 1994 | 508,353 | 7,888 | 30 years or older | HR, 95% CI |
| Chao [18] | 2002 | US | CPS-II | 1982 | to 1996 | 467,788 | 6,945 | 30 years or older | HR, 95% CI |
| Shaper [32] | 2003 | UK | British Regional Heart Study | 1978-1989 | to 2000 | 7,121 | 730 | 40 to 59 | HR, 95% CI |