Table 2.
Current cigar smoking and all-cause mortality
| Study | Cohort name | Sex | Cigar smoker deaths | Effect estimate | 95% CI | Measure | Primary/secondary* | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current Cigar | ||||||||
| Best1966 | Canadian Study of Smoking and Health | 196 | 1.06 | (0.92, 1.22) | SMR | Age | ||
| Kahn1966 | Dorn study | 1532 | 1.1 | (1.05, 1.16) | SMR | Age | ||
| Cole1974 | 33 | 1.15 | (0.70, 1.90) | IRR | ||||
| Carstensen1987 | Swedish Census Cohort | 131 | 1.39 | (1.16, 1.65) | SMR | Age, residence | ||
| Lange1992 | Copenhagen City Heart Study | Men | 326 | 1.6 | (1.30, 2.00) | HR | Age | |
| Lange1992 | Copenhagen City Heart Study | Women | 185 | 1.8 | (1.40, 2.20) | HR | Age | |
| Ben-Shlomo1994 | Whitehall study | 9 | 0.48 | (0.25, 0.93) | IRR | Primary | Age | |
| Ben-Shlomo1994 | Whitehall study | 132 | 1.2 | (0.99, 1.46) | IRR | Secondary | Age | |
| Shanks1998 | CPS-I | 3754 | 1.08 | (1.05, 1.12) | IRR | Primary | Age | |
| Shanks1998 | CPS-I | 1462 | 1.12 | (1.06, 1.18) | IRR | Secondary | Age | |
| Current Cigar and/or Pipe | ||||||||
| Cole1974 | 35 | 1.68 | (1.03, 2.75) | IRR | ||||
| Gordon1974 | Framingham | 52 | 0.76 | (0.51, 1.12) | IRR | |||
| Doll1976 | Male British Doctors | 388 | 1.09 | (0.98, 1.20) | SMR | Primary | Age | |
| Doll1976 | Male British Doctors | 595 | 1.13† | (1.04, 1.22) | SMR | Secondary | Age | |
| Sandler1989 | Washington, County, MD | Men | 504 | 1.2 | (1.07, 1.35) | IRR | Age, marital status, education, quality of housing | |
| Sandler1989 | Washington, County, MD | Women | 2 | 0.7 | (0.18, 2.75) | IRR | Age, marital status, education, quality of housing | |
| Wald1997 | British United Provident Association | 113 | 1.23 | (0.99, 1.75) | HR | Primary | Age | |
| Wald1997 | British United Provident Association | 69 | 1.33 | (1.03, 1.73) | HR | Secondary | Age | |
| Shaper2003 | CPS-II | 41 | 1.37 | (0.99, 1.91) | HR | Primary | Age, BMI, blood pressure/hypertension, serum cholesterol | |
| Shaper2003 | CPS-II | 145 | 1.46 | (1.18, 1.79) | HR | Secondary | Age, BMI, blood pressure/hypertension, serum cholesterol | |
*Primary cigar smoking: current, exclusive cigar smoking with no previous history of cigarette or pipe smoking; primary cigar and/or pipe smoking: current, exclusive cigar and/or pipe smoking with no previous history of cigarette smoking; secondary cigar smoking: current, exclusive cigar smoking with previous history of cigarette or pipe smoking; secondary cigar and/or pipe smoking: current, exclusive cigar and/or pipe smoking with previous history of cigarette smoking.
†Based on corrected death rate of 1600 per 100,000 [43].