Table 1.
Different epigenetic regulations involved in different heat responses.
| Plants | Heat treatment | Major effects | Major epigenetic regulations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saccharina japonica | 20°C for 3 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Liu et al. (2014) |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Grown at 26°C | Elevated survival of Turnip Crinkle Virus-infected Plants | siRNAs | Zhang et al. (2012) |
| A. thaliana | Grown at 27°C | Early flowering, hypocotyl and petiole elongation | H2A.Z | Kumar and Wigge (2010), Kumar et al. (2012) |
| Nicotiana benthamiana | Grown at 27°C | Enhanced antiviral defense | siRNAs | Qu et al. (2005) |
| N. benthamiana Manihot esculenta | Grown at 25–30°C | Enhanced antiviral defense | siRNAs | Chellappan et al. (2005), Andika et al. (2013) |
| A. thaliana | Grown at 30°C | Warmth-induced PTGS release with transgenerational memory | miRNAs and siRNAs | Zhong et al. (2013) |
| Oryza sativa | 34°C for 48 h | Smaller seed size | DNA methylation, H3K9me2 | Folsom et al. (2014) |
| Hordeum vulgare | 35.5°C for 24 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Kruszka et al. (2014) |
| Gossypium hirsutum | 35–39°C /29–31°C day/night for 7 days | Regulation of anther development | DNA methylation, histone modifications | Min et al. (2014) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 3 h/day during the day for 1 week | Increase in homologous recombination frequency with transgenerational memory | DNA methylation, small RNAs | Boyko et al. (2010) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 1–4 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | Ta-siRNAs and miRNAs | Guan et al. (2013), Li et al. (2014b) |
| Populus tomentosa | 37°C for 8 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Chen et al. (2012) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 12 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | long non-coding RNAs | (Di et al., 2014) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 12 h | Heat stress-induced alternative splicing of miR400 | MiR400 | Yan et al. (2012) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 16 h | Mediating the temporary growth arrest | ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling | Mlynarova et al. (2007) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 24 h | Transgenerational retrotransposition of ONSEN | siRNAs | Ito et al. (2011) |
| Helianthus annuus | 37°C for 24 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNA396 | Giacomelli et al. (2012) |
| P. trichocarpa | 37°C for 24 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Lu et al. (2008) |
| M. esculenta | 37°C for 24 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Ballen-Taborda et al. (2013) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 30 h | Release of TGS with reduced nucleosome occupancy and loss of chromocenter organization | CAF-1-dependent chromatin assembly complex | Pecinka et al. (2010) |
| A. thaliana | 4°C for 1 week and then 37°C for 15 h | Release of TGS | Unorthodox and potentially new mechanisms | Tittel-Elmer et al. (2010) |
| A. thaliana | 37°C for 4 days or 44°C for 30 min | Reorganization of chromatin and release of transcriptional gene silencing, | HIT4-dependent TGS regulation pathway | Wang et al. (2014) |
| A. thaliana | 38°C for 1 h | Down regulation of HSFB2a involved in gametophyte development | Long non-coding antisense RNA asHSFB2a | Wunderlich et al. (2014) |
| Apium graveolens | 38°C for 1 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Li et al. (2014a) |
| A. thaliana | 38°C for 1.5 h per day in the dark and then returned to normal growth conditions; for 7 consecutive days | Modulation of pattern-triggered immunity | Histone modifications | Singh et al. (2014) |
| A. thaliana | Several heat cycles (37°C for 12 h in the light and 21°C for 12 h in the dark) | Activation of the imprinted gene SDC | An undefined epigenetic mechanism | Sanchez and Paszkowski (2014) |
| Triticum aestivum | 40°C for 1 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs | Xin et al. (2010), Xin et al. (2011) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 40°C for 1 h, for three times | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling | Strenkert et al. (2011) |
| O. sativa | 42°C day/36 °C night for 24 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Sailaja et al. (2014) |
| T. aestivum | 42°C for 2 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs | Kumar et al. (2014) |
| Brassica rapa | 42°C for 3 h per day for 7 days | Stress-induced transgenerational inheritance | miR168 and braAGO1 | Bilichak et al. (2015) |
| A. thaliana | 42°C for 16 h | Transcriptional reprogramming | DNA methylation, histone acetylation | Popova et al. (2013) |
| A. thaliana | 42°C for 48 h | Stress-induced release of GUS silencing | H3K9ac1 and H3K9/14ac2 | Lang-Mladek et al. (2010) |
| A. thaliana | BT and ATa | Gene transcription activation | Histone chaperone ASF1 | Weng et al. (2014) |
| A. thaliana | BT and ATa | Regulation of tolerance to recurring environmental stress | The miR156-SPL module | Stief et al. (2014) |
| Brassica rapa | 46°C for 1 h | Regulation of tolerance to heat stress | miRNAs, nat-siRNAs, chloroplast small RNAs | Wang et al. (2011), Yu et al. 2012b, (2013) |
| A. thaliana | 50°C for 3 h/day for 5 day | Transgenerational phenotypic and epigenetic changes | H3K9 methylation and DNA methylation | Migicovsky et al. (2014) |
| Quercus suber | Temperature increases by 10°C every 3 days from 25–55°C | Acclimation to high temperature | DNA methylation, histone acetylation | Correia et al. (2013) |
aBT, basal thermotolerance, 45°C for 2 h; AT, acquired thermotolerance, pretreated at 37°C for 1–1.5 h and returned to 22°C for several hours or days for recovery, treated at 45°C for 2 h.