Table 2.
Correlates of pain among newly-admitted NH residents with cancer (N = 8,094)
| Pain frequency | Daily pain vs. no pain (referent) |
Less than daily pain vs. no pain (referent) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily (n = 2,291) |
Less than daily (n = 3,022) |
None (n = 2,781) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusteda OR (95% CI) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusteda OR (95% CI) |
|
| Age, years | |||||||
| <65 | 7.9 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 1.48 (1.11–1.96) | 1.45 (1.08–1.95) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 1.11 (0.85–1.46) |
| 65–74 | 25.8 | 20.6 | 16.9 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 75–84 | 42.3 | 43.1 | 42.7 | 0.65 (0.56–0.75) | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | 0.83 (0.72–0.94) | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) |
| ≥85 | 24.0 | 31.6 | 36.9 | 0.42 (0.36–0.50) | 0.48 (0.41–0.58) | 0.70 (0.60–0.81) | 0.75 (0.63–0.88) |
| Women | 59.8 | 54.5 | 46.1 | 1.74 (1.54–1.95) | 1.67 (1.46–1.91) | 1.40 (1.26–1.55) | 1.35 (1.20–1.51) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 83.9 | 83.9 | 82.0 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 10.6 | 9.8 | 11.8 | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) |
| Hispanic | 3.9 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 1.01 (0.75–1.37) | 1.08 (0.82–1.40) | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) |
| American Indian / Alaskan Native | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.48 (0.40–5.55) | 1.60 (0.49–5.21) | 1.58 (0.46–5.41) | 1.49 (0.41–5.41) |
| Source of admission, acute care hospital | 88.2 | 87.9 | 82.7 | 1.56 (1.32–1.84) | 1.52 (1.27–1.82) | 1.52 (1.30–1.77) | 1.44 (1.23–1.69) |
| Marital status, widowed | 42.7 | 45.7 | 43.6 | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |
| Compromised ADLsb | 76.0 | 74.6 | 72.6 | 1.19 (1.04–1.37) | 1.33 (1.15–1.54) | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) |
| Cognitive impairmentc | 35.9 | 44.0 | 53.0 | 0.50 (0.44–0.56) | 0.62 (0.54–0.72) | 0.70 (0.62–0.78) | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) |
| Depressed moodd | 12.1 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 2.28 (1.82–2.84) | 2.27 (1.79–2.88) | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | 1.46 (1.16–1.83) |
| Feeding tubes | 5.0 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | 0.64 (0.50–0.82) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 1.10 (0.90–1.37) |
| Indwelling catheter | 27.1 | 24.1 | 19.1 | 1.58 (1.39–1.80) | 1.52 (1.32–1.75) | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) |
| Use of restraintse | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 0.34 (0.20–0.56) | 0.50 (0.30–0.86) | 0.67 (0.47–0.94) | 0.81 (0.57–1.16) |
| Bedfast | 6.7 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 2.23 (1.70–2.93) | 2.06 (1.54–2.74) | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 1.37 (1.02–1.83) |
| Explicit terminal prognosisf | 11.3 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 2.06 (1.65–2.57) | 2.21 (1.73–2.83) | 1.39 (1.12–1.72) | 1.58 (1.26–1.98) |
ADL: activities of daily living; CI: confidence interval; NH: nursing home; OR: odds ratio
a
Adjusted for all variables listed in Table 1 and variables describing participation in MDS assessment (resident, family, significant other) and communication skills.
b
ADL Hierarchy Scale scores equal 3 or more.
c
Cognitive Performance Scale score equal 2 or more.
d
Depression Rating Scale scores equal 3 or more.
e
Includes trunk and limb restraints as well as chairs to prevent rising.
f
Indicated by prognosis ≤6 months or receipt of hospice.