Figure 1.

Impact on mortality of perfect versus observed implementation fidelity to CD4-stratified timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART), Integrating Tuberculosis and Antiretroviral Treatment Study, 2007–2009. All individuals were assigned to the timing per protocol (top, all black), but only 44% were observed to adhere to timing per protocol (middle; diagonal lines represent nonadherence to protocol). In analysis, we wished to understand the difference between what was observed (bottom, left) and the counterfactual exposure distribution in which all subjects adhered to timing per protocol (bottom, right). Note that probability of outcome (mortality) is not explicitly shown in these figures.