Table 2.
Performance of the group of the 44 dyslexics and 40 matched controls on phonological processing and lexical learning tasks
| Tasks | Dyslexics |
Controls |
Comparison |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | z score | % impaired | Mean | SD | F(1, 69–70) | p | ||
| Phonological STM | |||||||||
| Digit span | Raw score | 5.7 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 30 | 6.8 | 0.7 | 38.9 | <.001 |
| Nonword serial recall | % errors | 34.1 | 14.1 | 1 | 23 | 23.9 | 10.5 | 13.8 | <.001 |
| Word serial recall | % errors | 37.8 | 10.8 | 1 | 18 | 27.9 | 10.1 | 19 | <.001 |
| Phonol. awareness | |||||||||
| Phoneme counting | % errors | 18.8 | 16.4 | 0.9 | 23 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 9 | .004 |
| Spoonerisms | % errors | 22.0 | 20.2 | 3.0 | 54 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 25.2 | <.001 |
| Lexical learning | |||||||||
| Spoken | % errors | 65.3 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 36 | 44.8 | 13.8 | 43.4 | <.001 |
| Written | % errors | 52.3 | 19.7 | 1.6 | 39 | 27.9 | 15.0 | 39.9 | <.001 |
Note: Performance 2 standard deviations below the control mean is categorized as “impaired”. The sign of the z-scores for the digit span has been changed so a positive z-score reflects worse performance, as do percentages of errors in other tasks. STM = short-term memory; Phonol. = Phonological.