Table 2. Prevalence of mental health disorders and rates of increase by sociodemographic profile, NHMS 1996, NHMS 2006 and NHMS 2011.
| NHMS 1996 |
Rate of increase (%) |
NHMS 2006 |
Rate of increase (%) |
NHMS 2011 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | 1996 to 2006 | % (95% CI) | 2006 to 2011 | % (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 14.1 (12.1–15.9) | +53.2 | 21.6 (20.4–22.8)* | +0.9 | 21.8 (21.1–23.7)* |
| Female | 12.1 (10.1–14.1) | +57.0 | 19.0 (17.9–20.2) | −4.7 | 18.1 (16.4–20.0) |
| Age group (years) | |||||
| 5–6 | 9.7 (7.5–11.9) | +87.6 | 18.2 (16.7–19.8) | +6.6 | 19.4 (16.3–23.0) |
| 7–9 | 12.3 (9.7–14.9) | +54.5 | 19.0 (17.6–20.4) | −0.5 | 18.9 (16.4–21.7) |
| 10–12 | 15.5 (13.4–17.5) | +33.5 | 20.7 (19.4–22.1) | −9.7 | 18.7 (16.6–21.1) |
| 13–15 | 13.4 (9.0–17.9) | +43.3 | 19.2 (17.7–20.7) | +22.4 | 23.5 (20.6–26.6) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 11.9 (9.9–13.9) | +71.4 | 20.4 (19.3–21.6) | −10.3 | 18.3 (16.9–19.8) |
| Chinese | 3.6 (0.6–6.6) | +366.7 | 16.8 (14.7–19.1) | −13.7 | 14.5 (11.9–17.6) |
| Indian | 24.6 (18.1–31.2) | +8.5 | 26.7 (22.8–30.9) | +1.9 | 27.2 (22.1–32.9) |
| Other Bumiputra | 23.6 (20.1–27.1) | −13.1 | 20.5 (18.0–23.2) | +36.6 | 28.0 (23.8–32.6) |
| Other | 27.1 (18.3–36.0) | −26.2 | 20.0 (15.8–25.0) | +76.5 | 35.3 (25.8–46.1) |
| Locality | |||||
| Urban | 10.5 (8.4–12.7) | +87.6 | 19.7 (18.5–21.0) | −2.5 | 19.2 (17.6–20.9) |
| Rural | 15.5 (13.3–17.7)* | +36.8 | 21.2 (19.9–22.7) | +2.4 | 21.7 (19.8–23.8) |
| Caregiver's highest education level | |||||
| No formal education | 15.4 (10.6–20.0) | −19.5 | 12.4 (9.6–15.9) | +170.2 | 33.5 (24.1–44.3) |
| Primary education | 14.9 (14.0–15.7) | +24. 2 | 18.5 (16.7–20.3) | +57.8 | 29.2 (25.2–33.6) |
| Secondary education | 13.4 (12.5–14.2) | +62.7 | 21.8 (20.4–23.2) | +31.2 | 28.6 (26.0–31.3) |
| Tertiary education | 9.0 (7.7–10.1) | +55.6 | 14.0 (11.8–16.6) | +52.9 | 21.4 (18.2–24.9) |
| Caregiver's marital status | |||||
| Not married | 17.4 (12.5–22.2) | −47.1 | 9.2 (5.1–16.1) | +115.2 | 19.8 (9.8–36.0) |
| Married | 13.7 (13.1–14.4) | +45.3 | 19.9 (18.9–20.9) | +2.0 | 20.3 (18.6–22.2) |
| Divorcee/widow/widower | 15.5 (13.4–17.5) | +8.4 | 16.8 (14.0–20.0) | +16.1 | 19.5 (14.6–25.7) |
| Household income by quartile a | |||||
| Quartile 1 | 17.2 (16.0–18.4) | +10.5 | 19.0 (17.2–21.0) | +29.5 | 24.6 (21.1–28.5) |
| Quartile 2 | 14.1 (13.0–15.2) | +50.1 | 21.2 (19.5–23.1) | −1.4 | 20.9 (17.9–24.2) |
| Quartile 3 | 12.6 (11.4–13.7) | +67.5 | 21.1 (19.3–22.9) | −9.0 | 19.2 (16.4–22.2) |
| Quartile 4 | 11.3 (10.2–12.4) | +51.3 | 17.1 (15.6–18.7) | −7.6 | 15.8 (13.5–18.5) |
CI = confidence interval; aquartile 1 represents the lowest quarter; quartile 4, the highest; *significant difference (p < 0.05).