Table 3. Factors associated with mental health problems among children, NHMS 2011.

	Crude OR	Wald test	Adjusted OR	p-value
	(95%CI)		(95%CI)
Locality
Urban	1			NS
Rural	1.13 (1.0–1.29)
Sex
Male	1	15.621	1.30 (1.14–1.48)	< .001
Female	1.29 (1.13–1.46)
Ethnicity
Malay	1
Chinese	0.77 (0.62–0.95)	4.555	0.79 (0.65–0.98)	.033
Indian	1.65 (1.30–2.09)	18.500	1.68 (1.33–2.13)	< .001
Other Bumiputra	1.70 (1.40–2.05)	21.703	1.58 (1.31–1.92)	< .001
Other	2.59 (1.92–3.49)	33.220	2.44 (1.80–3.30)	< .001
Household income by quartile a
Quartile 1 ≤ 680.00	1.64 (1.36–1.96)	15.697	1.46 (1.21–1.76)	< .001
Quartile 2 680.01–1250.00	1.34 (1.11–1.61)	5.187	1.25 (1.03–1.51)	.023
Quartile 3 1250.01–2200.00	1.16 (0.95–1.39)	.922	1.10 (0.91–1.33)	NS
Quartile 4 2200.01+	1
Age group (years)
5–6	1
7–9	0.98 (0.8–1.2)
10–12	1.11 (0.91–1.34)			NS
13–15	1.35 (1.1–1.64)
Guardian's education level
No formal education	1.32 (0.89–1.96)			NS
Primary education	1.51 (1.18–1.91)
Secondary education	1.37 (1.12–1.67)
Tertiary education	1
Guardian's marital status
Not married	1			NS
Married	0.83 (0.45–1.51)
Divorcee/widow/widower	0.85 (0.44–1.63)

OR = odds ratio; NS = not significant; ^aquartile 1 represents the lowest quarter; quartile 4, the highest.