Table 1. Baseline characteristics across 3 ethnic groups in GUSTO retinal sub-study.
| Independent variables | Chinese (n = 398) | Malay (n = 209) | Indian (n = 125) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | |
| Age, yrs | 398 | 31.79 (4.98) | 209 | 28.68 (5.52) | 125 | 30.08 (5.08) |
| Household Income | ||||||
| SGD ≥6000 per month | 117 | 29.4% | 12 | 5.7% | 24 | 19.2% |
| Hypertension history | ||||||
| Yes | 8 | 2.0% | 9 | 4.3% | 2 | 1.6% |
| Diabetes history | ||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.0% | 2 | 1.0% | 2 | 1.6% |
| Gestational diabetes diagnosis (GDM) (at 26–26 wks) | ||||||
| Yes | 68 | 18.5% | 23 | 11.7% | 25 | 23.2% |
| Smoking history | ||||||
| Current or past smokers | 36 | 09.0% | 49 | 23.4% | 7 | 5.6% |
| Alcohol drinking history | ||||||
| Current or past drinkers | 157 | 39.5% | 14 | 6.7% | 16 | 12.8% |
| In-Vitro Fertilization | ||||||
| Yes | 51 | 12.8% | 6 | 2.9% | 7 | 5.6% |
| Maternal Major Measurement (at 26–28 weeks) | ||||||
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 315 | 80.41 (8.83) | 173 | 83.61 (8.72) | 97 | 82.09 (9.88) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 398 | 25.14 (3.79) | 209 | 28.07 (5.37) | 125 | 27.68 (4.50) |
| Retinal vascular parameters (at 26–28 wks) | ||||||
| Arteriolar caliber, μm | 398 | 119.89 (9.03) | 209 | 121.83 (9.21) | 125 | 122.16 (8.88) |
| Venular caliber, μm | 398 | 169.11 (12.31) | 209 | 175.16 (12.89) | 125 | 171.04 (12.40) |
| Arteriolar fractal dimension, Df | 398 | 1.25 (0.05) | 209 | 1.26 (0.05) | 125 | 1.26 (0.05) |
| Venular fractal dimension, Df | 398 | 1.23 (0.05) | 209 | 1.24 (0.05) | 125 | 1.23 (0.04) |
| Fetal scan at 26 weeks | ||||||
| Head circumference, cm | 394 | 24.93 (1.50) | 206 | 25.02 (1.24) | 123 | 24.86 (1.16) |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | 394 | 22.15 (1.35) | 206 | 22.27 (1.85) | 123 | 21.66 (1.95) |
| Estimated birth weight, g | 393 | 1089.81 (182.08) | 205 | 1106.72 (208.17) | 122 | 1051.98 (185.68) |
| Estimated birth length, cm | 393 | 34.91 (1.71) | 206 | 35.01 (1.78) | 123 | 35.79 (1.76) |
| Fetal scan at 32 weeks | ||||||
| Head circumference, cm | 397 | 29.84 (1.04) | 208 | 29.98 (1.29) | 123 | 29.67 (1.22) |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | 398 | 28.15 (1.81) | 209 | 28.41 (1.59) | 125 | 27.83 (1.64) |
| Estimated weight, g | 397 | 2184.35 (295.26) | 208 | 2224.12 (316.31) | 123 | 2102.40 (33.18) |
| Estimated length, cm | 396 | 41.88 (1.56) | 209 | 42.24 (1.59) | 125 | 42.90 (1.94) |
| Baby measurement at delivery | ||||||
| Head circumference, cm | 384 | 33.65 (1.39) | 195 | 33.65 (1.37) | 117 | 33.46 (1.36) |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | 385 | 28.58 (2.36) | 195 | 28.80 (2.58) | 117 | 28.22 (2.51) |
| Birth weight, g | 383 | 3096.52 (418.31) | 195 | 3096.02(421.53) | 117 | 3025.82 (400.86) |
| Birth length, cm | 383 | 48.36 (2.18) | 195 | 48.07 (1.94) | 117 | 48.40 (1.83) |
SD, standard deviation.