TABLE 3.

Covariate-Adjusted Logistic Regression Models for Non-Traumatic Dental Condition-Related Emergency Department Visits for U.S. Children and Adults

	Children Ages 3 to 17 Years		Adults Ages 18 Years and Older
Model Covariates	Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Intervals	P-value	Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Intervals	P-value
ASD Status
ASD	1.06 (0.87, 1.27)	P=0.575	0.39 (0.29, 0.52)	P<0.001
No ASD (reference)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Sex
Male (reference)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Female	0.89 (0.87, 0.91)	P<0.001	0.81 (0.80, 0.83)	P<0.001
Age
3–5 (reference for children)	1.00	-	n/a	n/a
6–12	1.16 (1.12, 1.20)	P<0.001	n/a	n/a
13–17	1.20 (1.14, 1.26)	P<0.001	n/a	n/a
18–21 (reference for adults)	n/a	n/a	1.00	-
22–49	n/a	n/a	1.41 (1.38, 1.44)	P<0.001
50–64	n/a	n/a	0.54 (0.52, 0.56)	P<0.001
65–75	n/a	n/a	0.21 (0.20, 0.22)	P<0.001
76 and older	n/a	n/a	0.11 (0.11, 0.12)	P<0.001
Health Insurance Type
Private including HMO (reference)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Medicare	1.17 (0.93, 1.46)	P=0.174	1.42 (1.36, 1.49)	P<0.001
Medicaid	1.46 (1.39, 1.53)	P<0.001	2.59 (2.46, 2.73)	P<0.001
Self-pay	1.89 (1.78, 2.00)	P<0.001	3.08 (2.94, 3.22)	P<0.001
No charge	1.71 (1.15, 2.54)	P=0.008	2.85 (2.43, 3.35)	P<0.001
Other	1.11 (1.02, 1.22)	P=0.019	1.08 (0.96, 1.23)	P=0.186
Median Community income
$1 – $40,999 (reference)	1.00	-	1.00	-
$41,000 – $50,999	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)	P<0.001	1.00 (0.95, 1.04)	P = 0.835
$51,000 – $66,999	0.83 (0.79, 0.88)	P<0.001	0.87 (0.83, 0.91)	P < 0.001
$67,000 or more	0.73 (0.68, 0.78)	P<0.001	0.71 (0.66, 0.75)	P < 0.001
Rurality of Patient’s County of Residence
Large central metropolitan (reference)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Large fringe metropolitan	0.94 (0.87, 1.02)	P=0.126	1.29 (1.17, 1.42)	P<0.001
Medium metropolitan	1.01 (0.93, 1.11)	P=0.744	1.39 (1.26, 1.54)	P<0.001
Small metropolitan	1.04 (0.94, 1.16)	P=0.406	1.49 (1.32, 1.68)	P<0.001
Micropolitan	0.98 (0.90, 1.07)	P=0.626	1.58 (1.42, 1.77)	P<0.001
Non-core	0.87 (0.79, 0.96)	P=0.007	1.38 (1.24, 1.53)	P<0.001