TABLE 4.

Risk of osteoporotic fracture by fish-oil consumption across the life span in a case-cohort study of participants in the AGES-Reykjavik Study¹

	Men				Women
			Model 1	Model 2			Model 1	Model 2
	Cohort, n	Cases, n	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	Cohort, n	Cases, n	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Early life
Never	156	54	1.00	1.00	178	149	1.00	1.00
<Daily	131	57	1.25 (0.85, 1.82)	1.31 (0.89, 1.93)	108	69	0.94 (0.71, 1.26)	0.90 (0.67, 1.20)
Daily	134	61	1.18 (0.81, 1.71)	1.20 (0.82, 1.76)	174	110	0.84 (0.65, 1.07)	0.82 (0.64, 1.06)
P-trend	—	—	0.39	0.36	—	—	0.16	0.12
Midlife
Never	111	47	1.00	1.00	125	114	1.00	1.00
<Daily	133	42	0.82 (0.54, 1.24)	0.81 (0.52, 1.25)	111	80	0.89 (0.66, 1.18)	0.89 (0.66, 1.19)
Daily	177	83	1.09 (0.75, 1.56)	1.12 (0.77, 1.63)	224	134	0.75 (0.58, 0.97)	0.75 (0.58, 0.98)
P-trend	—	—	0.52	0.33	—	—	0.03	0.03
Late life
Never	98	56	1.00	1.00	114	90	1.00	1.00
<Daily	58	27	0.93 (0.59, 1.48)	0.90 (0.56, 1.45)	48	39	1.14 (0.78, 1.66)	1.10 (0.75, 1.62)
Daily	266	89	0.62 (0.44, 0.87)	0.64 (0.45, 0.91)	296	198	0.90 (0.70, 1.15)	0.87 (0.67, 1.12)
P-trend	—	—	0.004	0.01	—	—	0.31	0.22

¹Associations were tested by using multivariate Cox hazard models. Fish-oil consumption was assessed from a food-frequency questionnaire. Early life was defined as ages 14–19 y, midlife was defined as ages 40–50 y, and late life was defined as ages 66–96 y. Model 1 was adjusted for age at the AGES-Reykjavik baseline and education. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for smoking status, height, weight, prevalent diabetes, physical activity, and estrogen and glucocorticoid use. Tests for trend were performed by assigning the median value to each category and modeling this as a continuous variable. AGES-Reykjavik, Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study.