TABLE 5.
ORs (95% CIs) for coffee-associated metabolites and diagnosis of colorectal cancer in a nested study within the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial (n = 251 incident cases and n = 247 controls) by using conditional logistic regression for metabolites with ≥20% of individuals below the lower limit of detection1
| OR (95% CI) |
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| Low and high relative metabolite levels compared with none |
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| Name | Undetectable | Low | High | 90th compared with 10th percentiles for each continuously measured metabolite | P-linear trend |
| 1-Methylxanthine | Reference | 0.81 (0.51, 1.28) | 0.63 (0.39, 1.02) | 0.65 (0.41, 1.05) | 0.080 |
| Cases/controls, n | 105/89 | 76/76 | 70/82 | — | |
| 1,7-Dimethylurate | Reference | 0.77 (0.49, 1.22) | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.12) | 0.140 |
| Cases/controls, n | 120/107 | 66/69 | 65/71 | — | |
| Cyclo(leu-pro) | Reference | 0.95 (0.60, 1.51) | 0.70 (0.44, 1.09) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.11) | 0.146 |
| Cases/controls, n | 134/124 | 63/57 | 55/66 | — | |
| N-(2-furoyl)glycine | Reference | 0.68 (0.43, 1.08) | 0.83 (0.52, 1.32) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.24) | 0.283 |
| Cases/controls, n | 110/99 | 66/78 | 75/70 | — | |
| 3-Hydroxyhippurate | Reference | 0.87 (0.54, 1.40) | 0.83 (0.50, 1.37) | 0.79 (0.50, 1.24) | 0.297 |
| Cases/controls, n | 149/143 | 51/52 | 51/52 | — | |
| X_14291 | Reference | 1.04 (0.62, 1.73) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.41) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.33) | 0.367 |
| Cases/controls, n | 51/48 | 102/97 | 98/102 | — | |
| 1,3,7-Trimethylurate | Reference | 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.35) | 82 (0.52, 1.28) | 0.380 |
| Cases/controls, n | 145/139 | 53/54 | 53/54 | — | |
| X_13741 | Reference | 0.88 (0.58, 1.37) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.44) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.36) | 0.489 |
| Cases/controls, n | 84/85 | 81/83 | 86/79 | — | |
| X_12816 | Reference | 1.13 (0.72, 1.78) | 0.89 (0.57, 1.41) | 0.85 (0.54, 1.36) | 0.499 |
| Cases/controls, n | 115/116 | 73/60 | 63/71 | — | |
| Trigonelline (N′-methylnicotinate) | Reference | 0.78 (0.48, 1.28) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.23) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.45) | 0.558 |
| Cases/controls, n | 58/53 | 94/99 | 99/95 | — | |
| Cinnamoylglycine | Reference | 0.81 (0.48, 1.34) | 0.85 (0.51, 1.42) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.32) | 0.561 |
| Cases/controls, n | 174/161 | 37/44 | 40/42 | — | |
| X_12230 | Reference | 0.95 (0.61, 1.48) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.45) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.39) | 0.561 |
| Cases/controls, n | 96/99 | 78/73 | 77/75 | — | |
| X_14465 | Reference | 1.05 (0.63, 1.74) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.56) | 0.86 (0.50, 1.50) | 0.601 |
| Cases/controls, n | 48/51 | 102/97 | 101/99 | — | |
| X_14473 | Reference | 1.05 (0.63, 1.74) | 0.92 (0.54, 1.56) | 0.86 (0.50, 1.50) | 0.601 |
| Cases/controls, n | 48/51 | 102/97 | 101/99 | — | |
| 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl) propionate | Reference | 1.45 (0.67, 3.17) | 0.81 (0.41, 1.60) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.35) | 0.608 |
| Cases/controls, n | 214/216 | 19/11 | 18/20 | — | |
| X_17185 | Reference | 1.18 (0.75, 1.86) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.56) | 0.91 (0.56, 1.49) | 0.704 |
| Cases/controls, n | 95/104 | 79/70 | 77/73 | — | |
| X_12329 | Reference | 0.98 (0.60, 1.61) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.68) | 0.93 (0.61, 1.44) | 0.754 |
| Cases/controls, n | 159/162 | 45/43 | 47/42 | — | |
| 1-Methylurate | Reference | 1.28 (0.80, 2.05) | 0.84 (0.52, 1.35) | 0.94 (0.59, 1.49) | 0.791 |
| Cases/controls, n | 130/134 | 65/52 | 56/61 | — | |
| X_12734 | Reference | 0.96 (0.61, 1.49) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.53) | 1.02 (0.67, 1.55) | 0.927 |
| Cases/controls, n | 126/128 | 64/58 | 61/61 | — | |
| X_12039 | Reference | 1.37 (0.87, 2.15) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.39) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.59) | 0.963 |
| Cases/controls, n | 82/93 | 93/68 | 76/86 | — | |
Conditional logistic regression of case/control status on categorized relative level of metabolite; ln(metabolite) was rank ordered into low compared with high categories by the median (varied by metabolite). ORs compared subjects with relative metabolite levels below the lower limit of detection (none) to those with detectable relative levels below (low) or above (high) the median relative level. All models were adjusted for tobacco smoking status (current, former, and never), age, and BMI (continuous). Cases and controls were incidence-density matched to cases on age (5-y intervals), year of randomization, season of blood draw, sex, and race. Metabolites with the prefix X_ are of unknown identity. None refers to relative metabolite levels below the lower limit of detection (undetectable). Metabolites with statistically significant coffee-metabolite associations are shown (P < 7.61 × 10−5; Bonferroni-corrected threshold, P = 0.05 divided by the total number of metabolites detected). Metabolites are ordered by P-linear trend. P-linear trend values are from a conditional logistic regression of case/control status on ln(metabolite). PLCO, Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian.