TABLE 3.
Cardiovascular risk biomarkers at baseline and 5 h after orange juice, hesperidin supplement, or control intervention in men at moderate cardiovascular disease risk1
| Control |
Orange juice |
Hesperidin supplement |
||||||||
| BL | 5 h | Δ | BL | 5 h | Δ | BL | 5 h | Δ | P2 | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||||||
| Systolic | 128.2 ± 2.2 | 123.6 ± 1.8 | −4.7 ± 2.6 | 126.3 ± 1.8 | 123.6 ± 2.9 | −2.6 ± 2.2 | 127.1 ± 2.0 | 123.9 ± 2.5 | −3.2 ± 1.9 | 0.87 |
| Diastolic | 80.2 ± 1.6 | 75.1 ± 1.8 | −5.1 ± 1.2 | 77.9 ± 1.8 | 73.6 ± 1.9 | −4.2 ± 1.2 | 80.8 ± 1.9 | 75.6 ± 1.8 | −5.2 ± 1.1 | 0.91 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 54.9 ± 2.0 | 58.6 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 53.9 ± 1.9 | 58.4 ± 2.2 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 54.5 ± 2.1 | 58.3 ± 2.0 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.74 |
| RH-PAT index | 2.78 ± 0.18 | 2.66 ± 0.17 | −0.12 ± 0.09 | 2.77 ± 0.13 | 2.68 ± 0.19 | −0.09 ± 0.11 | 2.85 ± 0.21 | 2.69 ± 0.15 | −0.16 ± 0.14 | 0.96 |
| Cardiac BRS, ms/mm Hg | 11.2 ± 2.5 | 10.1 ± 1.3 | −1.1 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 9.4 ± 1.0 | −1.8 ± 1.1 | 10.9 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 1.0 | −1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.58 |
| cfPWV, m/s | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.77 |
| cAIx@HR75, % | 34.4 ± 2.1 | 28.2 ± 2.0 | −6.1 ± 1.0 | 35.5 ± 2.4 | 30.2 ± 1.7 | −5.2 ± 1.2 | 35.0 ± 2.1 | 28.7 ± 1.7 | −6.3 ± 1.7 | 0.39 |
| Serum soluble gp91phox, pg/mL | 48.9 ± 5.2 | 48.4 ± 3.6 | −0.5 ± 5.3 | 48.6 ± 5.9 | 51.7 ± 5.9 | 3.1 ± 4.9 | 58.3 ± 4.6 | 48.5 ± 5.5 | −9.8 ± 6.7 | 0.67 |
| Plasma vitamin C, μmol/L | 33.1 ± 2.9 | 51.8 ± 3.7 | 18.7 ± 2.6 | 31.9 ± 3.6 | 47.9 ± 4.7 | 16.0 ± 2.2 | 31.2 ± 2.4 | 52.6 ± 5.3 | 21.4 ± 3.7 | 0.29 |
| P-selectin expression, % | ||||||||||
| Unstimulated platelets | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | −1.5 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | −1.6 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | −0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.18 |
| ADP-activated platelets | 95.8 ± 0.8 | 93.8 ± 1.3 | −2.0 ± 0.6 | 96.2 ± 0.8 | 94.2 ± 1.2 | −2.0 ± 1.1 | 94.8 ± 1.1 | 94.8 ± 0.8 | 0.0 ± 0.7 | 0.14 |
| Collagen-related peptide-activated platelets | 87.5 ± 3.8 | 88.8 ± 3.4 | 1.3 ± 1.8 | 87.2 ± 3.7 | 86.3 ± 4.0 | −0.9 ± 1.5 | 87.6 ± 3.7 | 86.0 ± 3.9 | −1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.28 |
| Fibrinogen receptor expression, % | ||||||||||
| Unstimulated platelets | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.50 |
| ADP-activated platelets | 77.6 ± 3.0 | 74.6 ± 3.3 | −3.0 ± 1.4 | 78.4 ± 2.9 | 74.6 ± 2.8 | −3.8 ± 2.2 | 75.6 ± 3.3 | 75.6 ± 2.9 | 0.0 ± 1.3 | 0.18 |
| Collagen-related peptide-activated platelets | 81.1 ± 4.6 | 85.0 ± 2.8 | 3.8 ± 3.0 | 80.2 ± 4.3 | 80.5 ± 4.3 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 81.3 ± 4.3 | 80.9 ± 4.1 | −0.4 ± 1.3 | 0.18 |
Values are means ± SEMs. Numbers for the interventions were n = 16 (control), n = 14 (orange juice), and n = 15 (hesperidin supplement), except for cfPWV and cAIx@HR75 [n = 15 (control), n = 13 (orange juice), and n = 14 (hesperidin supplement); n = 1 participant was excluded because of poor-quality tracings] and for platelet activation [n = 13 (control; n = 3 were excluded because of hemolyzed samples), n = 13 (orange juice; n = 1 was excluded because of hemolyzed samples), and n = 15 (hesperidin supplement)]. BL, baseline; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; cAIx@HR75, central augmentation index corrected for heart rate; cfPWV, carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity; gp91phox, catalytic core of NADPH oxidase; RH-PAT, reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry; Δ, 5-h postintervention changes from baseline.
Differences in study endpoints between interventions were analyzed by using a linear mixed model for crossover studies, with subjects nested within intervention sequence as a random effect and experimental period, intervention sequence, baseline values, and intervention as fixed effects. When the model showed a significant intervention effect, pairwise comparisons between interventions were performed with Tukey-Kramer adjustments, and changes were considered significant at P < 0.05.