Table 2.
Means, Standard Deviations, and T-Tests of items by contraband tobacco purchase status (N = 483)
| Scale | Non-buyer (60.7%) | Buyer (39.3%) | T -Test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Price quality inference (Lichtenstein et al., 1993 [19]; Huang et al., 2004 [15]) α = 0.880 | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| PQ1 | Generally speaking, the higher the price of a product, the higher the quality | 2.99 (1.107) | 2.81 (1.042) | t(481) = 1.75, p = 0.08 |
| PQ2 | The price of a product is a good indicator of its quality | 2.89 (1.118) | 2.83 (1.040) | t(481) = 0.55, p = 0.58 |
| PQ3 | You always have to pay a bit more for the best | 2.54 (1.148) | 2.39 (1.106) | t(481) = 1.34, p = 0.18 |
| Risk averseness (Huang et al., 2004 [ 15 ] ; Donthu and Garcia, 1999 [ 36 ] ) α = 0.708 | ||||
| RA1 | When I buy something, I prefer not taking risks | 2.04 (0.869) | 2.19 (0.870) | t(481) = -1.88, p = 0.06 |
| RA2 | I like to be sure the product is a good one before buying it | 1.76 (0.643) | 1.86 (0.736) | t(481) = -1.55, p = 0.12 |
| RA3 | I don’t like to feel uncertainty when I buy something | 1.77 (0.735) | 1.97 (0.806) | t(481) = -2.85, p < 0.01 |
| Subjective norm (Ajzen, 1991 [ 37 ] ) α = 0.915 | ||||
| SN1 | My relatives and friends approve my decision to buy counterfeited products | 2.20 (1.000) | 2.61 (1.077) | t(481) = -4.17, p < 0.00 |
| SN2 | My relative and friends think that I should buy counterfeited products | 2.09 (0.980) | 2.44 (1.096) | t(371.34) = -3.57, p < 0.00 |
| Behavioral intentions (Zeithaml et al., 1996 [ 38 ] ) α = 0.939 | ||||
| Considering today, what are the chances that you… | ||||
| BI1 | …think about a counterfeited product as a choice when buying something | 1.85 (1.054) | 2.45 (1.134) | t(382.24) = -5.90, p < 0.00 |
| BI2 | …buy a counterfeited product | 1.72 (0.950) | 2.33 (1.108) | t(359.22) = -6.29, p < 0.00 |
| BI3 | …recommend to friends and relatives that they buy a counterfeited product | 1.59 (0.904) | 2.11 (1.105) | t(346.60) = -5.42, p < 0.00 |
| BI4 | …say favorable things about counterfeited products | 1.75 (0.970) | 2.31 (1.161) | t(352.21) = -5.51, p < 0.00 |
| Perceived risk (Dowling and Staelin, 1994 [20]) α = 0.766 | ||||
| PR1 | The risk that I take when I buy a counterfeited product is high | 2.10 (1.052) | 2.50 (1.130) | t(382.84) = -3.95, p < 0.00 |
| PR2 | There is high probability that the product doesn’t work | 1.94 (0.899) | 2.32 (1.006) | t(370.79) = -4.29, p < 0.00 |
| PR3 | Spending money on a counterfeited product might be a bad decision | 1.65 (0.787) | 2.03 (0.934) | t(481) = -4.79, p < 0.00 |
| Integrity (Ang et al., 2001 [21]) scale measured with PG: α = 0.866 | ||||
| INT1 | I consider honesty as an important quality for one’s character | 1.49 (0.676) | 1.75 (0.748) | t(481) = -3.85, p < 0.00 |
| INT2 | I consider it very important that people be polite | 1.68 (0.735) | 1.88 (0.811) | t(481) = -2.80, p < 0.00 |
| INT3 | I admire responsible people | 1.55 (0.674) | 1.82 (0.868) | t(481) = -3.78, p < 0.00 |
| INT4 | I like people that have self-control | 1.60 (0.679) | 1.87 (0.835) | t(481) = -3.91, p < 0.00 |
| Personal gratification (Ang et al., 2001 [21]) | ||||
| PG | I always attempt to a have a sense of accomplishment | 1.70 (0.734) | 2.02 (0.911) | t(481) = -4.15, p < 0.00 |
| Attitude toward contraband tobacco adapted scale α = 0.906 | ||||
| ACT1 | Considering price, I prefer contraband cigarettes | 1.90 (0.876) | 2.49 (1.032) | t(356.41) = -6.49, p < 0.00 |
| ACT2 | I like shopping for contraband cigarettes | 2.04 (1.091) | 2.79 (1.241) | t(366.37) = -6.83, p < 0.00 |
| ACT3 | Buying contraband cigarettes generally benefits the consumer | 2.68 (1.217) | 3.24 (1.160) | t(481) = -5.04, p < 0.00 |
| ACT4 | There’s nothing wrong with purchasing contraband tobacco | 1.72 (0.845) | 2.29 (1.115) | t(326.68) = -6.33, p < .0.00 |
| ACT5 | Generally speaking, buying contraband cigarettes is a better choice | 2.22 (1.117) | 2.90 (1.180) | t(481) = -6.37, p < 0.00 |
Note: All questions asked on a 5-pt. likert scale such that higher scores indicate potential increased preference for CT: SN, INT, PG (1) strongly disagree (5) strongly agree; PQ, RA, PR (1) strongly agree (5) strongly disagree; BI (1) no chance (5) very good chance.