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. 2015 Apr 27;9:143. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00143

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Copyright © 2015 Washington and Tillinghast.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Acoustic uncertainty as illustrated via spectrogram. The waveform of the 500 ms duration word “dime” (NU-6 List 1A) has been spectrographically analyzed using Fourier transforms with (left) narrow temporal integration windows (256 frequency channels, Hanning window) and (right) wide temporal integration windows (32768 frequency channels). At left, glottal pulses (vertical lines) and formant transitions (changes in vocal spectral peaks over time) are visible, whereas harmonics are not. At right, harmonics are visible, but the sequence of auditory events is confounded.