Table 3.
Associations of depressive symptom severity (EURO-D total score) and functioning (WHODAS-II total score) with health service utilisation.
| Country | n | Prevalence Ratios (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Community Health Service 1 (MV = 0) | Hospital Admission(MV = 27) | ||||||||
| Depression Severity | Functioning 2 | Depression Severity | Functioning 2 | ||||||
| Crude | Adjusted 3 | Crude | Adjusted 3 | Crude | Adjusted 3 | Crude | Adjusted 3 | ||
| China (urban) | 44 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.35 | 1.30 | 1.52 | 1.21 |
| (0.77–1.09) | (0.78–1.08) | (0.88–1.07) | (0.88–1.11) | (0.94–1.95) | (0.81–2.11) | (0.92–1.67) | (0.82–1.78) | ||
| Cuba | 682 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.83 |
| (0.99–1.07) | (1.00–1.08) | (0.93–0.99) | (0.93–1.01) | (0.73–1.19) | (0.73–1.19) | (0.75–1.07) | (0.68–1.02) | ||
| Dominican Republic | 757 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.21 | 1.18 | 1.27 | 1.28 |
| (0.98–1.06) | (0.98–1.06) | (1.00–1.05) | (0.98–1.04) | (1.04–1.40) | (1.01–1.37) | (1.14–1.42) | (1.11–1.47) | ||
| India (urban) | 390 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.54 | 1.87 | 1.39 | 1.12 |
| (0.98–1.09) | (1.00–1.10) | (1.03–1.11) | (0.98–1.07) | (1.29–1.84) | (1.54–2.27) | (1.06–1.81) | (0.84–1.48) | ||
| India (rural) | 422 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 1.19 | 1.12 |
| (0.99–1.03) | (1.00–1.04) | (0.97–1.01) | (0.97–1.01) | (0.82–1.43) | (0.77–1.33) | (0.81–1.76) | (0.76–1.63) | ||
| Mexico (urban) | 237 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 1.22 | 1.26 |
| (0.98–1.04) | (0.98–1.04) | (0.97–1.02) | (0.97–1.03) | (0.71–1.16) | (0.71–1.22) | (0.99–1.50) | (1.04–1.53) | ||
| Mexico (rural) | 259 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.28 | 1.36 | 1.29 | 1.32 |
| (0.94–1.05) | (0.94–1.05) | (0.97–1.04) | (0.99–1.05) | (0.95–1.74) | (0.95–1.95) | (1.09–1.52) | (1.09–1.61) | ||
| Nigeria | 270 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.07 | 1.11 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 0.92 |
| (0.87–1.05) | (0.87–1.04) | (0.98–1.17) | (1.02–1.21) | (0.57–0.94) | (0.58–0.98) | (0.77–1.17) | (0.73–1.17) | ||
| Peru (urban) | 223 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.42 | 1.44 | 1.27 | 1.39 |
| (1.01–1.10) | (1.01–1.10) | (1.01–1.09) | (1.02–1.09) | (1.11–1.82) | (1.06–1.94) | (1.09–1.49) | (1.18–1.64) | ||
| Peru (rural) | 144 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.73 |
| (1.03–1.36) | (1.04–1.36) | (1.03–1.23) | (0.95–1.14) | (0.45–1.76) | (0.43–1.52) | (0.47–1.20) | (0.42–1.28) | ||
| Puerto Rico | 331 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.30 | 1.24 |
| (1.00–1.05) | (1.00–1.05) | (0.99–1.04) | (0.98–1.04) | (0.78–1.31) | (0.75–1.27) | (1.12–1.52) | (1.02–1.51) | ||
| Venezuela | 574 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 1.16 |
| (0.97–1.05) | (0.98–1.04) | (1.00–1.06) | (0.99–1.05) | (0.93–1.33) | (0.91–1.30) | (1.03–1.34) | (1.00–1.35) | ||
| Meta-effect | 4590 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.18 | 1.14 |
| (1.01–1.03) | (1.01–1.03) | (1.00–1.04) | (1.00–1.03) | (0.96–1.25) | (0.95–1.26) | (1.07–1.29) | (1.02–1.26) | ||
| I2 | 14.0% | 20.8% | 71.2% | 44.7% | 70.2% | 70.7% | 64.9% | 64.4% | |
Notes: “China (rural)” was excluded because there were too few cases to estimate parameters; References in comparisons were a one point increase on the EURO-D or a 10-point increase on the WHODAS-II, where appropriate; 1 Includes contacts with primary care, private doctor, hospital doctor, traditional healer, other services, in the previous 3 months; 2 Because the total score is expressed as a percentage, WHODAS-II scores were adjusted to 10-point prevalence; 3 Adjusted for age (groups), gender, education, and physical comorbidities; MV = Number of missing values.