Table 3.
Intervention | Emotional health outcome | # Of studies (n)a | Quality rating | Effectiveness rating |
---|---|---|---|---|
Skills training | Anger | 3 (258) (13–15) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Skills training | Anxiety | 11 (1,346) (13, 16–25) | At least fair | Sufficient |
Skills training | Mood | 5 (988) (13, 18, 26, 27, 76) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Skills training | Other positive outcomes | 2 (99) (29, 145) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Skills training | Psychological well being/distress | 4 (1,449) (31, 32, 124, 142) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Skills training | Quality of life | 11 (1,417) (17, 22, 29, 31, 35–41) | At least fair | Sufficient |
Skills training | Self-efficacy | 16b (3,735) (14, 15, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 35, 39, 41–46, 175) | At least fair | Sufficient |
Skills training | Spirituality | 3b (283) (23, 27, 65, 148) | Limited | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Skills training | Stress | 4b (500) (39, 45, 46, 98, 142) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Social support | Anxiety | 3b (502) (34, 93, 135, 138) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Social support | Loneliness | 2 (313) (72, 108) | Limited | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Social support | Mood | 2b (144) (72, 109, 113) | Limited | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Social support | Other positive outcomes | 1 (39) (83) | Limited | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Social support | Psychological well being/distress | 5b (704) (31, 34, 89, 128, 135, 139) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Social support | Quality of life | 3b (450) (31, 34, 135, 138) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Social support | Self-efficacy/locus of control | 1 (39) (83) | Limited | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Social support + skills training | Anxiety | 5 (580) (54, 63, 70, 100, 143) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Social support + skills training | Mood | 1 (144) (70) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Social support + skills training | Other negative outcomes | 2 (415) (47, 82) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Social support + skills training | Other positive outcomes | 3c (58) (33, 66) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Social support + skills training | Psychological well being/distress | 6 (1,041) (14, 47, 70, 82, 144, 174) | Limited | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Social support + skills training | Quality of life | 3b,c (393) (66, 109, 113, 121) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Social support + skills training | Self-efficacy/locus of control | 3 (408) (65, 70, 121) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Motivation/counseling | Mood | 1 (86) (103) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Motivation/counseling | Other positive outcomes | 2 (969) (71, 79) | At least fair | Insufficient (No consensus) |
Motivation/counseling | Quality of life | 4 (850) (52, 64, 71, 120) | At least fair | Insufficient (Multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Motivation/counseling | Self-efficacy/mastery | 5 (567) (71, 79, 92, 112, 176) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Motivation/counseling | Stress | 2 (1,712) (79, 118) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Aerobic: walking | Anxiety | 3 (507) (59, 102, 146) | At least fair | No Consensus (btw sufficient and insufficient, multiple studies) |
Aerobic: other aerobic activities | Anxiety | 4 (361) (57, 73, 114, 136) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Aerobic: walking | Caregiver burden | 1b (100) (60, 102) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Aerobic: walking | Mood | 2 (170) (107, 147) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Aerobic: walking | Other positive outcomes | 1 (582) (101) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Aerobic: other aerobic activities | Other positive outcomes | 2 (150) (57, 114) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Aerobic: walking | Quality of life | 6 (1,273) (56, 101, 104, 123, 130, 147) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Aerobic: other aerobic activities | Quality of life | 6 (823) (51, 57, 117, 134, 151, 179) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Aerobic: walking | Psychological distress and well-being | 91 (28) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Aerobic: other aerobic activities | Psychological distress and well being | 101 (136) | At last fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Aerobic: walking | Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control | 1 (32) (62) | NC | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Aerobic: Other aerobic activities | Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control | 3 (231) (56, 106, 114) | NC | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Aerobic: walking | Stress | 2b (457) (59, 60, 102) | At least fair | No consensus (btw sufficient and insufficient, not enough studies) |
Strength/resistance | Anxiety | 1 (42) (129) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Strength/resistance | Fear of falling | 2 (94) (48, 150) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Strength/resistance | Loneliness | 1b (32) (84, 129) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Strength/resistance | Mood | 2 (144) (69, 153) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Strength/resistance | Psychological well being/distress | 2 (124) (134, 153) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Strength/resistance | Quality of life | 13b (1,000) (28, 68, 75, 84, 115, 119, 122, 126, 132–134, 137, 153, 177) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Strength/resistance | Self-efficacy/locus of control | 7b (442) (75, 115, 126, 129, 132, 137, 153, 177) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Anxiety | 1 (88) (96) | NC | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Fear of falling | 2b (422) (53, 90, 181) | At least fair | No consensus (btw sufficient and insufficient) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Mood | 5 (307) (49, 87, 95, 116, 147) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Other positive outcomes | 1b (200) (53, 182) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Psychological well being/distress | 1b (200) (53, 182) | At least fair | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Quality of life | 8b (853) (48, 51, 53, 87, 94, 96, 132, 147, 181) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control | 5 (465) (48, 90, 94, 95, 132) | At least fair | No consensus (btw strong, sufficient, insufficient) |
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility | Stress | 1 (39) (95) | NC | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
Combination | Anxiety | 3 (485) (91, 180, 182) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Combination | Fear of falling | 2 (200) (85, 88) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Combination | Mood | 3 (257) (81, 97, 173) | At least fair | Insufficient (no consensus) |
Combination | Other positive outcomes | 3 (459) (91, 131, 178) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Combination | Psychological well being/distress | 6 (748) (97, 131, 133, 180, 182, 184) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Combination | Quality of life | 16 (7,492) (55, 61, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 97, 99, 110, 111, 149, 152, 182, 183) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Combination | Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control | 5b (654) (77, 92, 105, 125, 127, 183) | At least fair | Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data) |
Combination | Stress | 1 (187) (180) | NC | Insufficient (not enough studies) |
NC, no consensus.
aArticle citations for each intervention–outcome pairing are provided in this column. Some of the 148 studies are listed in more than one intervention–outcome pairing.
bSeveral studies are reported in more than one article (e.g., article #40 and article #41 describe the same study using different analyses).
cArticle #62 reported on two different positive outcomes, self-esteem and life satisfaction.