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. 2015 Apr 27;2:213. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00213

Table 3.

Intervention–outcome pairings for skills training, social support + skills training, and physical activity interventions.

Intervention Emotional health outcome # Of studies (n)a Quality rating Effectiveness rating
Skills training Anger 3 (258) (1315) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Skills training Anxiety 11 (1,346) (13, 1625) At least fair Sufficient
Skills training Mood 5 (988) (13, 18, 26, 27, 76) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Skills training Other positive outcomes 2 (99) (29, 145) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Skills training Psychological well being/distress 4 (1,449) (31, 32, 124, 142) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Skills training Quality of life 11 (1,417) (17, 22, 29, 31, 3541) At least fair Sufficient
Skills training Self-efficacy 16b (3,735) (14, 15, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 30, 35, 39, 4146, 175) At least fair Sufficient
Skills training Spirituality 3b (283) (23, 27, 65, 148) Limited Insufficient (not enough studies)
Skills training Stress 4b (500) (39, 45, 46, 98, 142) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Social support Anxiety 3b (502) (34, 93, 135, 138) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Social support Loneliness 2 (313) (72, 108) Limited Insufficient (not enough studies)
Social support Mood 2b (144) (72, 109, 113) Limited Insufficient (not enough studies)
Social support Other positive outcomes 1 (39) (83) Limited Insufficient (not enough studies)
Social support Psychological well being/distress 5b (704) (31, 34, 89, 128, 135, 139) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Social support Quality of life 3b (450) (31, 34, 135, 138) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Social support Self-efficacy/locus of control 1 (39) (83) Limited Insufficient (not enough studies)
Social support + skills training Anxiety 5 (580) (54, 63, 70, 100, 143) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Social support + skills training Mood 1 (144) (70) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Social support + skills training Other negative outcomes 2 (415) (47, 82) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Social support + skills training Other positive outcomes 3c (58) (33, 66) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Social support + skills training Psychological well being/distress 6 (1,041) (14, 47, 70, 82, 144, 174) Limited Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Social support + skills training Quality of life 3b,c (393) (66, 109, 113, 121) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Social support + skills training Self-efficacy/locus of control 3 (408) (65, 70, 121) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Motivation/counseling Mood 1 (86) (103) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Motivation/counseling Other positive outcomes 2 (969) (71, 79) At least fair Insufficient (No consensus)
Motivation/counseling Quality of life 4 (850) (52, 64, 71, 120) At least fair Insufficient (Multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Motivation/counseling Self-efficacy/mastery 5 (567) (71, 79, 92, 112, 176) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Motivation/counseling Stress 2 (1,712) (79, 118) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Aerobic: walking Anxiety 3 (507) (59, 102, 146) At least fair No Consensus (btw sufficient and insufficient, multiple studies)
Aerobic: other aerobic activities Anxiety 4 (361) (57, 73, 114, 136) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Aerobic: walking Caregiver burden 1b (100) (60, 102) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Aerobic: walking Mood 2 (170) (107, 147) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Aerobic: walking Other positive outcomes 1 (582) (101) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Aerobic: other aerobic activities Other positive outcomes 2 (150) (57, 114) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Aerobic: walking Quality of life 6 (1,273) (56, 101, 104, 123, 130, 147) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Aerobic: other aerobic activities Quality of life 6 (823) (51, 57, 117, 134, 151, 179) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Aerobic: walking Psychological distress and well-being 91 (28) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Aerobic: other aerobic activities Psychological distress and well being 101 (136) At last fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Aerobic: walking Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control 1 (32) (62) NC Insufficient (not enough studies)
Aerobic: Other aerobic activities Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control 3 (231) (56, 106, 114) NC Insufficient (no consensus)
Aerobic: walking Stress 2b (457) (59, 60, 102) At least fair No consensus (btw sufficient and insufficient, not enough studies)
Strength/resistance Anxiety 1 (42) (129) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Strength/resistance Fear of falling 2 (94) (48, 150) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Strength/resistance Loneliness 1b (32) (84, 129) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Strength/resistance Mood 2 (144) (69, 153) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Strength/resistance Psychological well being/distress 2 (124) (134, 153) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Strength/resistance Quality of life 13b (1,000) (28, 68, 75, 84, 115, 119, 122, 126, 132134, 137, 153, 177) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Strength/resistance Self-efficacy/locus of control 7b (442) (75, 115, 126, 129, 132, 137, 153, 177) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Anxiety 1 (88) (96) NC Insufficient (not enough studies)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Fear of falling 2b (422) (53, 90, 181) At least fair No consensus (btw sufficient and insufficient)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Mood 5 (307) (49, 87, 95, 116, 147) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Other positive outcomes 1b (200) (53, 182) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Psychological well being/distress 1b (200) (53, 182) At least fair Insufficient (not enough studies)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Quality of life 8b (853) (48, 51, 53, 87, 94, 96, 132, 147, 181) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control 5 (465) (48, 90, 94, 95, 132) At least fair No consensus (btw strong, sufficient, insufficient)
Stretch/flexibility/balance/agility Stress 1 (39) (95) NC Insufficient (not enough studies)
Combination Anxiety 3 (485) (91, 180, 182) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Combination Fear of falling 2 (200) (85, 88) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Combination Mood 3 (257) (81, 97, 173) At least fair Insufficient (no consensus)
Combination Other positive outcomes 3 (459) (91, 131, 178) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Combination Psychological well being/distress 6 (748) (97, 131, 133, 180, 182, 184) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Combination Quality of life 16 (7,492) (55, 61, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 88, 97, 99, 110, 111, 149, 152, 182, 183) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Combination Self-efficacy/mastery/locus of control 5b (654) (77, 92, 105, 125, 127, 183) At least fair Insufficient (multiple studies, inconclusive data)
Combination Stress 1 (187) (180) NC Insufficient (not enough studies)

NC, no consensus.

aArticle citations for each intervention–outcome pairing are provided in this column. Some of the 148 studies are listed in more than one intervention–outcome pairing.

bSeveral studies are reported in more than one article (e.g., article #40 and article #41 describe the same study using different analyses).

cArticle #62 reported on two different positive outcomes, self-esteem and life satisfaction.