Table 4.
Self-Reported Barriers by Group
| N | Healthcare organization and delivery N (%) | Co-morbidities (% reporting) | Social factors (% reporting) | Health beliefs and/or knowledge (% reporting) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 247 | 184 (74) | 61 (25) | 97 (39) | 89 (36) |
| Sex at birth | |||||
| Male | 221 | 163 (74) | 55 (25) | 82 (37) | 77 (35) |
| Female | 25 | 21 (84) | 6 (24) | 14 (56) | 11 (44) |
| Race/ethnicityb | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 161 | 119 (74) | 40 (25) | 56 (35) | 53 (33) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 51 | 40 (78) | 13 (25) | 29 (57)a | 25 (49) |
| Hispanic | 23 | 15 (65) | 4 (17) | 8 (35) | 6 (26) |
| Age, yearsb | |||||
| <30 | 29 | 23 (79) | 4 (14) | 11 (38) | 10 (34) |
| 30–39 | 63 | 48 (76) | 22 (35)a | 34 (54)a | 22 (35) |
| 40–49 | 86 | 70 (81)a | 25 (29)a | 33 (38) | 32 (37) |
| ≥50 | 69 | 43 (62) | 10 (15) | 19 (28) | 25 (36) |
| Years since HIV diagnosisb | |||||
| <2 | 8 | 7 (88) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 5 (63) |
| 2–5 | 42 | 32 (76) | 12 (29) | 18 (43) | 18 (43) |
| 6–10 | 56 | 46 (82) | 15 (27) | 21 (38) | 22 (39) |
| 11–20 | 66 | 43 (65) | 12 (18) | 24 (36) | 21 (32) |
| >20 | 17 | 12 (71) | 5 (29) | 5 (29) | 7 (41) |
| Depressed | |||||
| Yes | 158 | 126 (80) | 48 (30) | 74 (47)a | 63 (40) |
| No/missing | 89 | 58 (65) | 13 (15) | 23 (26) | 26 (29) |
| Substance use | |||||
| Heroin | 16 | 15 (94) | 14 (88)a | 11 (69)a | 9 (56) |
| Methamphetamine | 64 | 55 (86) | 30 (47)a | 29 (45) | 26 (41) |
| Cocaine/crack-cocaine | 16 | 11 (69) | 6 (38)a | 9 (56) | 7 (44) |
| Hazardous alcohol | 37 | 26 (70) | 3 (8) | 14 (38) | 7 (44) |
| None of the above | 114 | 77 (68) | 8 (7) | 34 (30) | 40 (35) |
| Have a case manager | |||||
| Yes | 132 | 103 (78) | 42 (32)a | 65 (49)a | 50 (38) |
| No/missing | 115 | 81 (70) | 19 (17) | 32 (28) | 39 (34) |
a
p<0.05 in Poisson regression compared to the following reference groups: non-Hispanic white, age ≥50, not depressed, not substance using, no case manager.
b
Subgroups do not sum to N=247 due to omission of other categories and cases missing data for the indicated categories.