Table 3.
Behavioral Ethogram
| Behavior category and specific behavior |
Brief definition |
|---|---|
| Defensive Behaviors | |
| Bark Vocalization | Low-pitched, high-intensity vocalization |
| Cage Aggression | Vigorous shaking of cage walls |
| Crooktail | Tail held in a "?" shape |
| Freezing§ | Rigid, tense, motionless posture except slight head movements |
| Full Threat | Two or more of the following: open-mouth stare, head bobbing, ear flaps, or lunges |
| Mild Threat | One of the following: open-mouth stare, head bobbing, ear flaps, or lunges |
| Object Strike | Aggressive contact with object, including hitting, shoving, or throwing |
| Tooth Grinding | Audible rubbing together of teeth |
| Tension Behaviors | |
| Coo Vocalization | High-pitched, low-intensity "oooooh" vocalization |
| Covert Look | The animal glances at the object from between his legs or under his arm |
| Fear Grimace | Exaggerated grin exposing teeth |
| Motor Stereotypy§ | Repetitive, abnormal motor movements such as bucking, bouncing, or twirling |
| Pacing§ | Repetitive circular pacing around the test cage |
| Scratch§ | Rapid scratching of body with hands or feet |
| Scream Vocalization | High-intensity, high-pitched vocalization |
| Yawn | Open mouth, exposing teeth |
| Body Postures | |
| Bipedal§ | Standing on hind limbs, hands on walls or ceiling |
| Crouch§ | Head on or near floor, front limbs bent |
| Hang§ | Hanging on walls or ceiling, all limbs off floor |
| Sit§ | Sitting with callosities on floor |
| Stand§ | Four-point stance, all on floor |
| Horizontal Position | |
| Back of Cage§ | Animal's head in the back half of the test cage |
| Front of Cage§ | Animal's head in the front half of the test cage |
| Food Selection | |
| Grape Retrieval# | Animal retrieves the food reward and takes it into the holding cage |
| Affiliative Behaviors | |
| Groom Solicitation§ | Shoulder, back, rump, or flank held stationary towards stimulus |
| Grunt Vocalization | Low-pitched, low-intensity bubbly vocalization |
| Lipsmack | Rapid lip movement with pursed lips |
| Mount Solicitation§ | Rump oriented towards stimulus, tail up, and all four legs straight |
| Self-Directed Behaviors | |
| Self-bite§ | Hair plucking, self-biting, or other self-mutilation |
| Self-clasp§ | Abnormal grasping of the torso |
| Self-groom§ | Picking or licking at one's own fur or non-fur body part |
| Self-sex§ | Manual or oral manipulation of one's own genitals |
| Exploratory Behaviors | |
| Cage Oral Exploration§ | Oral manipulation of the test setting (holding cage, test tray, and WGTA walls) |
| Cage Tactile Exploration§ | Manual manipulation of the test setting (holding cage, test tray, and WGTA walls) |
| Food Oral Exploration§ | Oral manipulation of the food reward; using teeth to tear apart food or remove peel |
| Food Tactile Exploration§ | Use of hands to tear apart or pick at food reward |
| Object Oral Exploration§ | Use of mouth to nonaggressively lick or mouth the stimulus object |
| Object Tactile Exploration§ | Use of hands to nonaggressively grab, hold, and explore stimulus object |
| Object Touch§ | Use of hands to lightly touch but not hold or explore the stimulus object |
| Gaze Direction | |
| Look Away§ | Animal's head is pointing in any direction other than forward |
| Look Forward§ | Animal's head is pointing within 45° of the front center of the test cage |
Note. An additional general category of Facial Expressions was also analyzed, which included Lipsmack, Fear Grimace, Mild Threat, and Full Threat. Listed are all behaviors recorded along with brief definitions. All behaviors were analyzed for frequency (total number of occurrences).
§
Behavior for which total duration was also measured.
#
Behavior for which the latency was measured relative to when the experimenter raised the Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus (WGTA) panel between the monkey and the test tray.